Untitled Flashcards Set

Jackie Robinson

The first African American to play in Major League Baseball.

Harry S. Truman

The 33rd President of the United States, known for his key decisions during the post-World War II era.

Committee on Civil Rights

A group established by President Truman to address civil rights issues in the U.S.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, an organization fighting for civil rights.

Thurgood Marshall

The first African American Supreme Court Justice and a leading civil rights lawyer.

Brown v. Topeka Board of Education

A landmark Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the Brown v. Board of Education case.

Southern Manifesto

A document opposing racial integration in public places.

Desegregation

The process of ending the separation of two groups usually referring to races.

Little Rock

City in Arkansas famously associated with the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School.

Rosa Parks

Civil rights activist known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott.

Martin Luther King Jr.

A civil rights leader known for his nonviolent protests against racial discrimination.

Nonviolent movement

A social movement that uses peaceful tactics to achieve social or political change.

Montgomery bus boycott

A civil rights protest against racial segregation on public transit in Montgomery, Alabama.

Southern Leadership Conference

An organization formed to coordinate nonviolent civil rights protests.

Sit-in movement

A form of protest where participants sit and refuse to leave a place.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

A civil rights organization formed to promote and coordinate nonviolent protests among students.

Civil Rights Commission

A federal agency established to investigate and report on civil rights violations.

Decolonization

The process of a state withdrawing from a former colony.

Third World

Term used to describe countries that were not aligned with NATO or the Communist Bloc.

Covert action

Secret operations aimed at influencing political developments in foreign countries.

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency, responsible for foreign intelligence and covert operations.

Iran

Country in the Middle East that was a focal point of U.S. foreign policy and covert actions.

Suez Crisis

A diplomatic and military confrontation in 1956 involving Egypt, Israel, the UK, and France.

Eisenhower Doctrine

A policy that promised U.S. economic and military assistance to Middle Eastern countries resisting communism.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

An intergovernmental organization of oil-producing nations established to control oil production and prices.

Yom Kippur (October) War

A conflict in 1973 between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria.

Oil embargo

A restriction on the export of oil, used as a political tool.

Camp David Accords

A peace agreement between Israel and Egypt, facilitated by U.S. President Jimmy Carter.

Peace Corps

A U.S. government program providing social and economic development assistance abroad.

Alliance for Progress

A program initiated by President Kennedy aimed at establishing economic cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America.

Ngo Dinh Diem

The first President of South Vietnam, supported by the U.S. during the Vietnam War.

Domino theory

The belief that the spread of communism in one country would lead to the spread in neighboring countries.

John Foster Dulles

U.S. Secretary of State under Eisenhower, known for his strong anti-communist stance.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

An international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

A resolution passed by Congress to authorize military action in Vietnam after alleged attacks on U.S. ships.

General William Westmoreland

The U.S. Army general who commanded American military operations during the Vietnam War.

Credibility gap

The difference between what the government says and what the public believes to be true, particularly regarding the Vietnam War.

Hawks

Individuals who support military intervention and aggressive policies in foreign affairs.

Doves

Individuals who advocate for peaceful solutions and oppose military intervention.

Tet Offensive

A major escalation and turning point in the Vietnam War, characterized by coordinated surprise attacks by North Vietnamese forces.

Robert F. Kennedy

U.S. Senator and civil rights activist, assassinated in 1968.

George Wallace

Governor of Alabama known for his pro-segregation stance during the civil rights movement.

Richard Nixon

The 37th President of the United States, known for his foreign policy and the Watergate scandal.

Democratic Convention in Chicago

A controversial 1968 political convention marked by protests and conflicts.

Hubert Humphrey

Vice President under Lyndon Johnson and Democratic candidate for president in 1968.

White backlash

The negative reaction from white Americans against the civil rights movement and desegregation efforts.

Henry Kissinger

U.S. Secretary of State and National Security Advisor, known for his role in U.S. foreign policy during the Vietnam War.

Vietnamization

A policy aimed at reducing American involvement in the Vietnam War by transferring responsibility to South Vietnamese forces.

Nixon Doctrine

A foreign policy strategy announcing that the U.S. would honor its existing commitments but not provide the same level of military support in the future.

Kent State

The site of the 1970 shooting of students by National Guardsmen during a protest against the Vietnam War.

My Lai

A massacre of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops during the Vietnam War.

Pentagon Papers

Classified government documents leaked to the press, revealing the truth about the Vietnam War.

Paris Accords

Negotiated agreements aimed at establishing peace in Vietnam and ending U.S. involvement.

War Powers Act

Legislation aimed at checking the president's power to commit the U.S. to armed conflict without Congressional approval.

Lyndon Johnson

The 36th President of the United States known for his Great Society domestic programs.

Great Society

A set of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon Johnson aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice.

The Other America

A book by Michael Harrington highlighting poverty in America.

Michael Harrington

An author and socialist who wrote about poverty in the United States.

War on poverty

A Johnson administration initiative to reduce poverty in the U.S.

Barry Goldwater

A politician and presidential candidate known for his conservative views.

National Foundation on Arts and Humanities

An independent agency of the U.S. government supporting arts, culture, and humanities.

Medicare

A national health insurance program for seniors and certain disabled individuals.

Medicaid

A program providing health coverage for low-income individuals and families.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

A law that aimed to improve educational opportunities for low-income students.

Department of Transportation (DOT)

U.S. government department responsible for maintaining and developing the nation's transportation systems.

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

U.S. government department that administers federal programs related to housing.

Ralph Nader

Consumer protection advocate and political activist known for his work on automobile safety.

Unsafe at any Speed

A book by Ralph Nader that criticized the automobile industry over safety issues.

Rachel Carson

An environmentalist and author known for her work in promoting conservation.

Silent Spring

A book by Rachel Carson that brought attention to environmental issues caused by pesticides.

Beautify America

An initiative aimed at promoting environmental preservation and aesthetic improvements.

Immigration Act of 1965

Legislation that changed the U.S. immigration policy to allow more immigrants from non-European countries.

James Meredith

The first African American student admitted to the University of Mississippi.

George Wallace

Noted for his staunch opposition to desegregation and civil rights.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Leader in the civil rights movement known for advocating nonviolent resistance.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

An open letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. advocating for civil rights and nonviolent protest.

“I Have a Dream” speech

Famous speech by Martin Luther King Jr. calling for equality and an end to racism.

Civil Rights Act

Landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

A federal agency that enforces laws against workplace discrimination.

24th Amendment

Constitutional amendment that abolished poll taxes in federal elections.

March to Montgomery

A series of marches held to protest voting rights discrimination.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation that aimed to eliminate barriers to voting for African Americans.

Black Muslim

A member of the Nation of Islam who advocates for the upliftment of African Americans.

Malcolm X

Civil rights leader who advocated for black empowerment and a more militant approach to achieving equality.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

A civil rights organization formed to promote and coordinate nonviolent protests among students.

Congress of Racial Equality

An organization that played a key role in the civil rights movement, known for its nonviolent protests.

Stokely Carmichael

Civil rights activist who coined the term 'Black Power' and became a leader in SNCC.

Black Panthers

A revolutionary socialist organization advocating for the rights of black Americans.

Watts

Neighborhood in Los Angeles that was the site of a major race riot in 1965.

Race riots

Violent disturbances related to racial tensions or conflicts.

Kerner Commission

A commission established to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the U.S.

De facto segregation

Social segregation that occurs without the legal enforcement of segregation laws.