Studied by 3 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Memory
process by which we recall experiences, information, and skills
occurs in hippocampus
Episodic memory
personal experienced events
ex. what you got on your birthday
Semantic memory
memory of facts and figures; general knowledge to most people
ex. 9/11, America next to the Atlantic ocean
procedural memory
how to do something
ex. difficult to explain how to tie a shoe but easy for you to understand
encoding
translates information into a form for future use; involves process and strategies to get information stored so we can use it again
storage
second process of memory; makes memories available for future use
3 stage model: sensory memory, STM, LTM
rehearsal
repeated repetition and practice of information to help the learning process — prevents forgetting
short-term memory
sometime called working memory -- when information is stored for 10-12 seconds
chunking
organization of items into groups and categories; gets stuff into your memory and helps encoding;
mnemonic devices
a memory aid
ex. acronyms
Explicit Memory
more easily described or explained to pull out from your memory
automatic processing
the unconscious and effortless process of encoding information such as space, time, and frequency.
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
serial position effect
recall or remembering the first and last items in a list more easily
(primary effect, recency effect)
Long-term potentiation
a process by which synaptic connections become stronger with frequent activation; we want this to happen
ex. studying, remembering names, active recall
Implicit memory
The memory of skills and procedures, more challenging to describe or explain to others
Types of memory
Implicit, Explicit, Prospective
Prospective memory
a type of memory related to future actions
ex. remembering to do something
Working memory Model
our primary memory system; working to turn information into long term memory
ex. working through math
Central executive
attention/focusing, planning and decision making (frontal lobe)
phonological loop
sound
Visuospatial
visual and spatial
how information is stored…
can determine how effectively information is stored and retrieved
shallow encoding
information is encoded structurally, by the way it looks, or by the way it sounds
deep encoding
semantic encoding; giving something meaning
Loci method
using location for memory aid
massed vs distributed practice
put it all together or distribute it
spacing effect
distributed practice; said to be more effective
Encoding can be affected…
by the order of how the info is presented
primary effect
better recall of first information
recency effect
better recall of last information
multi-store model
focuses on the impact of automatic and effortful processing on memory encoding, storage, and retrieval
we have a two track system - automatic and effortful
context dependent memory
memory retrieval is enhanced in the same environmental head space
State dependent memory
memory retrieval is enhanced in the same physical state
Mood congruent memory
memory retrieval is enhanced in the same mood
testing effect
taking a test on previously studied or learned material for better retention
meta cognition
thinking about your thinking
ex. “how am I gonna remember everything for this test”
maintenance processing
repetition
Sensory memory
store’s information for a fraction of a second
Echoic Memory
information heard
Iconic Memory
visual information
Consolidation
Short term memory transformed into Long Term Memory
Retrieval
getting information out of memory; locates stored information and returns it to conscious thought
recognition
cue is provided; multiple choice
Recall
reproduce material; ex. essay (FRQ)
Miller is associated with coming up with…
the magic number 7 — short term memory capacity has certain amount of slots (7 + or - 2)
elaborate rehearsal
a way to memorize information more effectively and keep it in your Long Term Memory by making it meaningful with familiar information
Long Term Memory
thought to be unlimited and can last a lifetime
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember info from ones past
auto-biographical memory
endless memory, superior memory storage, personal memories
tip of the tongue phenomenon
feeling that you know something but cant pull or recall
constructive memory
recalling a memory (but not exact) and reconstruct it based on current knowledge, beliefs, and perceptions — memories may not be exact replicas of past events
cocktail party phenomenon
when you single out a sound in a noisy environment
ex. a person can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room.
eye witness testimony
how accurate?
framing
how a question is asked
ex. “did you see the guy?” whole time you thought you saw a girl so now your memory is changed
confirmation bias
looking for information to support your bias or what you believe
ex. women dies so they look for info on the husband
misinformation effect
misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how a person recalls the event later
ex. asking an eyewitness "Did you see the broken light?" instead of "Did you see a broken light?" assumes that a broken light was present, which can influence the eyewitness's response.
memory recall can be influenced…
…by things like the misinformation effect
ebbingnaus forgetting curve
rapid and then slows down; tells us that forgetting is actually really rapid
encoding failure
did not encode so you forget it
interference/inhabitation theory
memories are presented by interfering with each other
retroactive
cant remember old information
ex. you don’t remember your old phone # because of new phone #
proactive
old memories interfere with new information
ex. old password keeps coming back even though you got a new password
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event experienced, heard about, or read about; can’t remember where you heard something from
imagination inflation
repeatedly imagining an event makes a person more likely to believe it actually happened, even if it didn’t.
ex. your dream mixes in with reality after constant rehearsal of it
repression
defense mechanism where the mind pushes away thoughts, memories, or feelings that are too difficult or painful to handle; it protects you
creative thinking
come up with unique solutions to problems; a way of thinking that includes generating novel ideas; hindered by functional fixedness
functional fixedness
focuses on only one function or use of something; limit problem-solving abilities
algorithmic approach
guarantees a solution; attempting all possible solutions until correct one is found
heuristic approach
does not guarantee a solution; a mental shortcut that produces a solution sometimes
Thinking/Cognition
unobservable activity by which a person reorganizes past experiences
Concept
form our basis of thought; mental representation of related objects, events, and people
prototype
a best example of a category
Decision making…
…can be influenced by prior experiences that were successful
Mental set
approach problems in rigid ways; mentally set on a way “this has to be it!”
Gambler’s fallacy
cognitive bias; makes you look at a probability of something, that the outcome is going to change
Sunk-cost fallacy
already put in time, effort, and money so you wont give up; too far invested (sometimes its better just to stop)
availability heuristic
judging the probability on what’s going to happen vividly based on recent news, events, or knowledge
ex. plane crash happened so you cancel your next flight
representative heuristic
judging in terms of stereotype
ex. teachers are women, bank robber is a man
G
general intelligence
IQ
Intelligence quotient
Mental Age
estimate of a persons level of mental functioning indicated by scores on standardized test
Chronological Age
the # of months since birth
Construct Validity
how well a test measures the theoretical concept or trait it’s designed to measure
ex. depression test has questions about things that influence depression rather than just general questions
Predictive Validity
How well a test predicts future performance or behavior
ex. High score in college entrance exam predicts high college GPA
Test-Retest Reliability
consistency of scores when the same test is given at different times
ex. a person scores 115 on Monday and gets a similar score a few days later
Split-Half Reliability
the consistency between two halves of the same (test?)
ex. when students score similarly on both halves of a test it has a good split-half reliability and vice versa
Socio-culturally response
dont want the test to be bias
Reduce Stereotype threat
when the test proves a stereotype threat
ex. “Black people score less on math tests”, black people then end up scoring less on a math test compared to other races
Inequity due to stereotype lift
when there’s a lift in scores of people outside the Stereotype threat
ex. other races had an improve of scores after the black people threat
Flynn effect
IQ scores are generally increased over time because of better education, healthcare, societal factors
Problems with IQ scores
tend to vary more within a group than between a group
bias
poverty/educational inequalities
Achievement Tests
what do you know about that topic
Aptitude Tests
predicts future performance
Fixed Mindset
don’t think you can change, learn, or improve
Growth Mindest
“I can do this!” “I can improve!”
