AP Euro Historical Figures

Petrach

“Father of humanism” who was the first to emphasize the importance of ancient text

Baldassarrre Castiglione

Wrote the courtier, how to be a gentleman

Niccolo Machievallei

Wrote the prince how to be a good ruler (hold political power), the point is to maintain power at all costs

Erasmus

Christain Humanist; wrote the Satire in Praise of Folly; critized the church and emphasis on educstion

Johannes Gutenberg

Created the printing press and made the first printed book the Gutenberg bible

Henry VIII

Opposed protestanism

Elizabeth I

Steered england back to anglicanism (protestantism); act of uniformity

Fernidad and Isabella

Established national taxes on thr sale or exchange of property, creation a buracurracy to collext taxes and used a a justice system

Jean-Baptist Colbert

France finance minister created policies for France Industry so that they produce everything that they needed so they didnt habe to get goods from elsewhere

Bartholome de las Casas

Worked to make indigenous people under the rule of imperlaist life less harsh

Martin Luther

Challenged the authority of the catholic church and made the 95 theses; declared a heretic by the Diet of Worms

John Calvin

Doctrines include: predestination - God already knows who will be save and who goes to hell, and the Elect - those who god chose to save, they can't lose salvation

Charles I

Heavy beliver in the divine right of kings and belived he could sieze any land he wanted

Oliver Cromwell

Took leadership over the New Model army during the English Civil War and crushed the Kings forces; after the war he formed a military dictatorshio

Adam Smith

Wrote the Wealth of Nations where he critiques mercantalism and argued for an unregulated market which wojld be governed by the forces of supply and demand

Gustavus Aldolphus

Swedish military genius; built a large professional standing army that had a hierarchy of authority was clear

James I

Heavy beliver in the Diving Right of Kings and failed at his attempts of absolutism

Phillip II

Was able to unite the Iberian Peninsula by taking control over Portugal

Louis XIV

Created the indendent system, where he sent various agents across France to act as avatars of Louis to make sure all parts of the kingdom obeyed the law. He also contructed the Palalce of Versaille, revoked the Edict of Nantes (causing Hugenouts to flee), and created mutliple wars to expand territory

Jean Baptist Colbert

Louis XIV finace minister whos shaped France on mercantalist policies

Peter the Great

Westernized Russia, required nobles to serve in army, reorganized the role of the Russian Orthodox church by eliminating Patriach and replacing it with Holy Synod, and tripled taxes

Nicholas Copernicus

Heliocentric model of the universe and discovered the Earth spins on an axis

Johannes Kepler

Established 3 laws of planetary motion

Gallileo

Improved the telescope and observed planets

Issac Newton

Law of universal gravitation

Parcelus

Overturned Galena 4 humors theory and claimed it was chemical imbalances

Andreas Vesalius

Contributed to the study of anatomy by dissecting animals

William Harvey

Discovered the circulatory system is one integrated whole

Francsis Bacon

Devloped scoentific method and empricism, pursuit of knowledge through inductive reasoning (understanding the world first by servingbthe small oarts the generalizing the findings to it's largest parts

Rene Decartes

Developed deductive reasoning; doubted everything possible, from big ideas you create smaller ones

John Locke

All people were born with the right to life, liberty, and property

Rosseu

Wrote the Social Contract in whcib he argued the power to govern is in the hands of the people; education of children

Mary Wollstonecraft

Wrotr the Vendication of the Rights of Women and argued the women should naturally have equal rights as men and should be entitled to the same education

Adam Smith

In the Wealth of Nations he attacked Europes mercantalist policies argued that people should make economic deciisions

Frederick the Great (Frederick II)

Seized Silesia from Austria, expanded Prussia, strong army; more religious toleration, legal reform, bureacratic reform

Catherine the Great

Continued to westernize Russia, legal reform, allowed religious toleration, territorial expansion (partition of Poland)

Joseph II

Signed Edict of Toleration (granted religious freedoms for Jews and religious minorities), increased freedom of press, and put structure on the power of the church

Joseph de Maistre

Critic of the Enlightenment and the emphasis of people's right to govern themselves; advocate for divine rights of kings

Edmund Burke

Wrote Reflextions of the Revolutions in France which cautioned the British people of the excesses of the French Revolution

Toussaint L'Oveture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution

Napoleon

Reforms

• Equality of all citizens

• Protection for wealth and private

• Introduced a degree of religious toleration to France

Suppression of Rights

• Censorship

• Secret Police

Klemens von Meternich

Leader of the Congress of Vienna; advocated for conservative and traditions roles; restored conservative monarchs to their thrones

William Wordsworth

Enlgish poet that belived humans had a kind of mystical connection to nature

John Wesley

Founded methodism; felt a profound experience while listening to a scripture that made him feel like God loved him

Alexander II

Reforms:

• Emancipated surfs

• Indepdent courts

• Modernized military

Jersey Bentham

Created utilitarianism, ideology that actuons should be judged based on the incresed happiness of those affected by jt

John Sutart Mill

Utalitaeinamism is good if it beneifts society as a whole

Henry de Saint Simon

Utopian Socialism, society should be given to the workers

Karl Marx

Published the communist manifesto, history obeys laws like science and has patterns, belived working class would eventually overthrown the middle

Edwin Chadwick

Sought reform for the poor, found diesase was transmitted through the poor because of filthy living conditions

George Hausmman

A French urban planner and architect known for his renovations of Paris in the mid-19th century. Hausmann's work modernized the city with wide boulevards and improved sanitation, profoundly impacting urban planning

Elizabeth Fry

Prison reform; sepeeated by gender and immates were given education opportunities

Frederick Freudel

Founded kindergarten and belived very young children should be learning through play

Otto von Bismark

Harnessed German nationalism as prime minister and took steps towards German unificafion

Charles Darwin

Animal species evolved by natural selection and adaptation to their environments, which leads to survival of the fittest

Frederich Nietzche

Reason plays a small role in human life and most people are governed instead by passions and base instincts

Henri Bergson

Science is good for attaining practical knowledge of the world

Sigmund Freud

Argued human behavior was governed and determined by the subconscious of the person which was shaped by the experiences of the childhood

Max Planck

Discovered that atoms radiated heat in erratic packets called quanta

Joseph Conrad

Traveled to the Belgian Congo and witnessed the violent policies put in place there by King Leopold II

John Maynard Kaynes

Belived government spending could increase consumer demand and lift the depression

Bonito Mussolini

Founder of facism, established control by using modern technolgoy and spreading propaganda, use of secret policd (Blackshirts)

Adolf Hitler

Use radio, television to show his speeches, portrayed a lot of antisemitism

Francisco Franco

Led an uprising to the popular front which led to the Spanisb Civil War, which were tbe testing grounds for WWII

Stalin

Took leadershio of the Soviet Union after Lenin died

• 5 year plan - purpose was to rapidly industrialize the Soviet union

• Great purge - filtered out all of his enemies

• Collctivizatjon - land is taken from owners and placed under the authority of the state

Albert Einstein

In his theory of relativity he discorved time and space are actually relative to the observer

Hiesenberg

Discorved the act of observing an electron with light changes the behavior of an electron

Enrico Ferni & Niels Bohr

Harnessed the explosive power of splitting atoms which led to the discovery of the atomic bomb

Mikhal Gorbachev

Soviet leader known for his reforms including glasnost and perestroika, which introduced openness and free market economics

Margaret Sanger

American birth control activist and founder of Planned Parenthood, who advocated for women's reproductive rights and access to contraception

Fredreich Nietzche

Founder of exstisentialism, claims God was dead and life is without inherent meaning