ryan anatomy exam 4

what are the two types of joint classifications?

functional and structural

what is the structural classification of joints?

the type of connective tissue joining the bones together in a joint

what are types of joints based on the structural classification?

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints

what is the functional classification of joints?

type of movement permitted by the joint

what are types of joints based on the functional classification?

synarthrosis, diarthrosis, and amphiarthrosis

what is the functional classification of fibrous joints?

synarthroses

in fibrous joints, what are bones connected by?

dense connective tissue

what are the 3 types of fibrous joints (+1?)?

suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis, and synostosis?

what does suture mean?

seam

describe a suture joint

short band of fibrous tissue permitting no movement

what joint is held together with very short, interconnecting fibers?

suture joint

what are examples of suture fibrous joints?

joints of the flat bones of the skull

if the bones of a joint completely fuse to one another, the fibrous joint becomes a bony one and is called what?

synostosis

what kind of connection is a syndesmosis?

ligament connection

describe a syndesmosis fibrous joint

dense regular fibrous connective tissue that is organized as a ligament or interosseous membrane

what type of movement is permitted by syndesmosis?

slight to moderate

what are examples of syndesmosis fibrous joint

distal tibiofibular joint, and radioulnar and tibiofibular interosseous membranes

what does the term gomphosis mean?

nail

a gomphosis is a ___ fibrous joint

peg in socket

what type of movement is permitted for a gomphosis fibrous joint?

very little

describe an example of a gomphosis fibrous joint

short ligamentous fibers of peridontal ligaments bind teeth into the alveolar processes

what type of fibrous joints involve ligaments that do not repair well?

gomphosis

what is the functional classification of cartilaginous joints?

amphiarthroses

in cartilaginous joints, the bones are joined by...

hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

what are the types of cartilaginous joints?

synchondroses and symphysis

in synchondrosis, what are bones joined by?

hyaline cartilage

what movement is permitted by synchondrosis cartilaginous joints?

no movement

what are examples of synchondrosis?

epiphyseal plate (temporary) and costal cartilage between first rib and manubrium

in a symphysis cartilaginous joint, what are bones joined by?

fibrocartilage

describe the role of hyaline cartilage in symphysis cartilaginous joints

a thin layer covers the articular surfaces of bones

what type of movement is permitted by symphysis cartilaginous joints?

slight movement

what are examples of symphysis cartilaginous joints?

intervertebral joints, manubriosternal and xiphisternal joints, and pubic symphysis

what type of joints only exist in the midline (none are bilateral)?

symphysis

what joints are freely movable joints?

synovial joints

what are the 5 characterizations of synovial joints?

1. articular or synovial cavity containing synovial fluid

2. articular capsule (AKA joint capsule) of dense fibrous CT

3. synovial membrane lining articular capsule

4. articular cartilage

5. reinforcing ligamentous structures outside (or sometimes inside) the articular capsule

in a synovial joint, what covers the opposing bony surfaces and is lubricated by synovial fluid?

articular cartilage (def)

what is the motion of the synovial joint permitted by?

1. articular cartilage

2. articular cavity

3. synovial fluid

in synovial joints, what provides a near-frictionless surface for movement and absorbs impacts to reduce trauma to bones?

articular cartilage

how does the hyaline cartilage on the articular cartilage develop?

enchondrally

how does the fibrocartilage on the articular cartilage develop?

intramembranously

what makes up the articular capsule?

fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

why can injury to articular cartilage be serious?

it is avascular and has limited regenerative ability

what is the articular cavity between?

articular surfaces

what covers the articular surfaces of bones?

articular cartilage

what are the categories of movement for synovial joints?

nonaxial, monaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial movement

(synovial joint) what type of movement occurs due to gliding?

nonaxial movement

(synovial joint) what type of movement occurs around one axis?

monaxial movement

(synovial joint) what type of movement occurs around two axes?

biaxial movement

(synovial joint) what type of movement occurs around three axes?

multiaxial movement

what are synovial joints involving more than 2 bones?

composite joints

what is an example of a composite joint?

knee (formed by patella, femur, and fibula)

what is a plane joint aka?

sliding joint or gliding joint

what joint has flat or nearly flat articular surfaces that permit the opposing bones to glide upon one another?

plane joint (synovial joint)

describe the movement of a plane joint

limited with no rotation

list examples of plane joints (synovial)

acromioclavicular, sacroiliac, intercarpal, carpometacarpal (II-V), intermetacarpal joints, corresponding foot joints

what is a hinge joint aka?

ginglymus

what is a joint allowing monaxial rotation around an axis that is perpendicular to the long axis of both bones?

hinge joint

describe movement of hinge joint (synovial)

flexion and extension

list examples of hinge joint (synovial joint)

talocrural (ankle), tibiofemoral, humeroulnar (elbow), interphalangeal joints

what is a pivot joint aka?

trochoid joint or trochoidal joint

what is a joint allowing rotational movement around an axis through the long axis of the bone?

pivot joint

list examples of a pivot joint (synovial joint)

atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar joints

what is an ellipsoidal joint aka?

condyloid joint

what is a joint allowing rotation around two axes at right angles to one another?

ellipsoidal joint

describe joint surfaces of ellipsoidal joints when viewed on end

ellipsoidal

in an ellipsoidal joint (synovial joint), one surface is ___ in two dimensions but the curvature is unequal along the two axes that define the ellipse

mildly convex

in an ellipsoidal joint (synovial joint), one surface is mildly convex in two dimensions but the curvature is unequal along the two axes that define the ellipse. what does this limit?

rotation along the long axis of the bone

list examples of ellipsoidal joints

metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal joint, radiocarpal (wrist) joints

what is a saddle joint aka?

inverse condylar joint or sellar joint

what is a joint allowing movement in two axes at right angles to one another?

saddle joint

in a saddle joint, what movement is also permitted besides moving in two axes at right angles to one another?

slight amount of rotation

describe the articular surfaces of saddle joints

concavo-convex and resemble a rider sitting in a saddle

what is an example of a saddle joint?

carpometacarpal joint of pollex

what is a ball and socket joint aka?

cotyloid joint or spheroidal joint

what is a joint allowing rotation in more than 2 planes?

ball and socket joint

what types of movement are possible with ball and socket joints?

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, medial and lateral rotation

in a ball and socket joint, one surface is ball shaped and is received by the...

cup-shaped articular surface of the opposing bone

list examples of ball and socket joints

glenohumeral, coxofemoral, and incudostapedial joints

what are the static factors contributing to the stability in a synovial joint?

fit of the bony articular surfaces, shapes of cartilaginous structures in the joints, joint capsule, the location, number, and strength of ligaments surrounding the joint

what are the dynamic factors contributing to the stability in a synovial joint?

location of muscles and tendons surrounding the joint, degree of proprioceptive input to and tone of muscles surrounding the joint

what is a bursa?

fibrous sac lined by synovial membrane that lubricates high friction structures such as tendons

bursas are usually located in areas where...

tendons rub on bones, or tendons or ligaments

bursa are also found between...

skin and superficial structures

what is bursitis?

inflammation caused by increased secretion of synovial fluid into the bursal sac, resulting in pressure and pain

what is the tendon sheath?

tubular bursal sac that surrounds a tendon

in the tendon sheath, the tendon is pressed ___ into the bursal sac

sideways

what does the inner layer of the tendon sheath fuse to?

tendon

what is the outer layer of the tendon sheath attached to?

adjacent structures

the tendon sheath is primarily found where?

wrist and ankle joints

what is the purpose of tendon sheaths?

prevents friction and facilitates movement in areas where tendons cross

what are long, striated cells with multiple nuclei?

skeletal muscle cells

how do the striations of skeletal muscles appear?

light and dark

what type of control are skeletal muscle cells under?

voluntary

what is the function of skeletal m cells?

creates movement by applying forces to bones via their tendons

what is the largest organ grouping in the body?

skeletal muscle cells

what are cells are short, striated, branched chains with intercalated discs?

cardiac muscle cells

what do cardiac muscle cells have?

desmosomes and gap junctions

what type of control are cardiac muscle cells under?

intrinsic and autonomic control

cardiac muscle cells are only found where?

muscular walls of the heart

what are small, tapered non-striated cells with a single nucleus?

smooth muscle cells