Chapter (8) soc

race and ethnicity

Race in comparison to Judiths butlers work on performativity of gender has

(2)

more facets and nuance

Race is a social..

A social distinction based on perceived physical or biological characteristics  

Social distinction based on physical and biological

Ethnicity is

NT,L,CH

membership in a group or category of people who share a national tradition, language, or cultural heritage (pg. 208)  

Ethnic group are

HL, L, C

People who share a common homeland, language, or culture (p. 210)

as immigrants took refuge Canada began to use (a what system) in order to seek out highly skilled workers 

point system

What country has the highest percent of immigrants per capita  

Canada

Multiculturalism is the

the political and social policy that promotes ethnic tolerance and diversity in communities (p. 208) 

Policies that promote ethnic tolerance 

“natural” or a traditional perspective state that race and ethnicity (statement) because of/ based on what

race and ethnicity have been carried over from the past to present with little or no change because ethnic groups are based on biological factors

the “natural” or a traditional perspective is based upon (area)

territorial location or region  

A traditional perspective includes (6) things

Kinship (blank)

Shared (blank) or (blank) including blood ties

Familiar (blank)

Re..

and creation (blank)

include kinship ties, shared characteristics or origins including blood ties, familiar relationships, religion and creation stories

The traditional perspective is popular among folks who

Attempt to explain race and ethnicity

The traditional perspective has many flaws including (2) things (which we now know is false)

fixed categories and little to no change over time

to debunk fixed categories we must look at the changing

category of white

(Ukrainians were once not considered white now they are)

social construction of reality and knowledge is created and maintained by

social interactions

The Social Construction of Reality- In symbolic interaction we have Peter Burger and Thomas Luckman they state socialization

socialization derives meaning from agents of socialization

Peter Burger and Thomas Luckman (2) step process

One: Categories act on some basis of information

Two: We forget the social origins of categories and classifications, therefore we see these categories as natural and unchanging 

(Act on basis, Naturalized)

(We forget the social origins, and see them as natural and unchanging)

An example of naturalization is

the passing of time is based upon different calendars

Roles are (blank) by the organization of time

roles are constructed by the organization of time  

Modern society is both (2) by time

(hint: conflicting ideas)

constructed by time, but also separated by time  

(Constructed and separated by time)

Social constructionist is not

not natural its created within a society

Sociologist state we are based upon skin color instead of traits like eye color because

Because race and ethnicity have historical context (because there is the piece of colonialism and slavery) this is why we are based upon skin color within society  

race and ethnicity are both

social constructs

Skin color is a what trait 

Skin color is arbitrary trait

different characteristics are not an (blank) value, they are not rooted in (blank) differences  

different characteristics are not an intrinsic value, they are not rooted in bipartisanship differences  

Scientific racism suggests

suggest that there is evidence supporting genetic differences between the “races” usually based on physical characteristics (p. 231) 

Scientific racism: is an intersection of evolutionary science established by (who?) and scientific racism states 

Scientific racism: is an intersection of evolutionary science established by Charles Darwin, states white races are superior   

scientific or biological racism/ biological thinkers… BT thinkers may look like

biological thinkers may look like marking the differences upon people within a society based on skull or brain size, this could also include ones physical size to prove how white people are “superior”

Scientific racism can look like (blank) programs, an example of this is 

eugenic programs

and example of this is indigenous women being forced to be sterilized to preventing the “racially inferior” from reproducing in a society

Biological thinkers fell apart when

Who is related to the fall of biological thinkers

the field of genetics proved that all humans share a common ancestor that lived in Africa

Spencer wells gave key research that helped establish this idea

The book created in 2002 called (the journey.. (of something could not find book) written by William worse proved (2) things 

First the book showed that race is closely related to class and social status people with a darker complexation are typically poorer

Secondly the book showed where wealthy is understood in terms of being white, or you must become “whiter” in order to adopt a wealthier status   

symbolic interactionists state social construction is based upon a

ne based upon (2) things

social construction is based upon a negotiation between social forces and individual choice  

Race and ethnicity are socially constructed, but through a limited extent people have have a choice on how these ideas are constructed, certain groups..

Certain groups can define themselves more freely than others and are met with little negative sanctions from society  

Mary C waters (American) stated white people have the ability to (2) things 

Mary C waters (American) stated white people have the ability to select an ethnic label or claim no ethnic label at all if they choose to do so, white Americans are understood as the default

(think about what's going on with the ice raids right now? People are being racially profiled) def could help memorize this card

Mary C waters stated people can adopt these roles without 

joining them 

Symbolic ethnicity is an

(blank) label

an individualistic label that has little cost for the individual 

Walter (unsure of last name) stated symbolic ethnicity means (2) things

means white people can participate in the transition or move between ethic labels with little thought

Example: white people can go salsa dancing and also attend St. Patrick's day, although they may not have this ancestry

white peoples ethnicity doesn't effect then unless they want it to, and they have the choice to just leave the ethnic label behind and just call themselves “American”  

Walter stated non-white people don’t have the ability to (transition between ethnic labels and leave their label behind)

Therefore, they have no control over (2) things 

symbolic ethnicity is limited to who?

they have no control over the labels assigned to them

which means they have no control over the consequences and negative sanctions that come with these labels

symbolic ethnicity is limited to white people

Racialization the ways in which 

the ways in which others classify people by visible characteristics such as hair color, hair type, skin color, and facial features (p. 210) 

Since Symbolic ethnicity is exclusive to white people that means radicalization

(Stated by Walter)

radicalization has more impact on some groups in comparison to others  

Scientific racism suggest there is evidence supporting.. (formal def)

suggests that there is evidence supporting genetic differences between the “races”,
usually based on physical characteristics (p. 231)

Symbolic ethnicity is an (blank) label that has.. (formal def)

an individualistic label that has little cost for the individual

W.E.B Du Bois discusses the complexities of racialized identity he stated African Americans..

Self-

Double-

African Americans could not develop a true self-consciousness, but rather experienced their identity through a double-consciousness because of the oppression experienced in a white dominated society  

What are the (2) identities W.E.B Du Bois stated

Our true self

And through dual consciousness

Racialization is understood as self and

There are..

One self within the place of society, there are observable differences between people  

Covert racism is experienced by

black women

Discrimination are

based on 

that risks 

distinctions, exclusions, and preferential treatment based on an arbitrary trait, that risks a person's human rights and basic freedoms (p. 208) 

(Discrimination is exclusions based on arbitrary traits, risk their rights and personal freedoms )

Racism is (3) things directed against 

DPA

discrimination, prejudice or antagonism directed against someone of a different ethnicity or racialized group based on the belief that one's own racialized identity is superior 

What’s the difference between discrimination and racism

Discrimination is an act, whereas racism is a widespread phenomenon

Peggy Mcintosh states

Peggy Mcintosh states there is an invisible package of unearned aspects cast in everyday society, white people are to remain oblivious too this  

Invisible knapsack are the

are the various unearned assets people with white privilege are able to “cash in” each day, to which white people remain oblivious 

To Peggy Mcintosh White privilege looks like (3) things

buying, never suspecting, never told

To Peggy Mcintosh White privilege looks

Buying dolls, post cards and toys of white race

(Buying items at the store that represent you)

Never suspecting they were hired based on race

never told “I am a credit to my race”

White privilege is to be free from

White privilege is to be free from negative sanctions regarding race, whereas other groups experience these negative sanctions  

There are explicit limitations for certain ethnic groups  

An example is the 

is the head tax on Chinese immigrants living in Canada 

Racialization created..

and put people into what?

Racialization created racialized identity's

and put people into predetermined categories

raicalized identity's created by racialization, made these categories very limited/ oversimplified (2) groups of people were considered asian before getting their own category what groups were they

Indian people were considered Asian and therefore would fall into that categories of classification

Finnish people were considered asian as well

Racialization refers to 

refers to the process of creating racialized identities for a group that did not identify themselves in racial terms  

Racialization created racialized identity's and therefore black people were not considered from the “black race” why was this idea adopted?

Black people were not considered from the “black race,” this idea was adopted in order have justification to exploit black people, as they were “less then human” and “underserving” of the freedoms given and enjoyed to by white people 

(Justification to exploit black people)

The result of the racialization, meant that in the 1780s there were…

(blank) justified the treatment of this..

This was changed only until it was considered a…

The result of the racialization, meant that in the 1780s there were lots of enslaved black people, science justified the treatment of black people until it was considered a pseudo-science  

Slavery has been replaced by… of people today

Slavery has been replaced by the racialization of black people today  

Racialization effects different groups differently an example of this is

Racialization effects different groups differently

the United States stole California, Arizona, and Utah from Mexico and therefore the term “Mexican American” came about, it was to describe Mexicans and their descendance  

A racialized minority includes

those who are treated in a particular way because of their physical features and the qualities those features are assumed to represent (p. 216) 

racialization is directed to those who

who have features distinct from the majority group that holds social power in society

Mexican and Latino were combined into one category at the time because they both

they both have Spanish speaking ancestry  

People are racialized differently based on

Based on different times 

Functionalism states racialization serves a purpose because 

racialization serves a purpose; it can improve social community with people of shared identity's  

Functionalism states socially cohesive groups are formed by (blank) identity

Such as those gained through a shared experience of (2) things 

socially cohesive groups are formed by shared identities

such as those gained through shared experiences of ethnic history or racialization  

Functionalism states racialization also improves social cohesion as it can do (2) things

As It can help people share the lived reality of ethnic experiences and experiences of racialization 

Funtionalist state members of racialized groups share strong bonds that provide (3) things

SEE

Members of racialized groups share strong bonds that provide social, emotional, and economic resources 

Funtionalists state racism and ethnic groups share strong bonds to create community

this community can be created with the help of (blank) OR created by (2) things

 

this community can be created with the help of economic support

or created by the support of friends and family 

Sociologists suggest racialized people tend to live in large cities to make community because (2) reasons 

there is more solidarity and

an increased social cohesion of people among the same ethnic group and racialized status  

(have a shared history and integration status)

In functionalism we have Georg Simmel, he talks about the term affliction which in his own words means

states that affliction ..means belonging to a social group with named social boundaries and a set of fixed behavioral expectation (p. 217)

In functionalism

Afflication is a key part in what..

and its based upon (3) things 

Common (blank), common (blank) one other thing 

Affliction is a key part in societies connectiveness

and its based on common interest, common characteristics and kinship/ family ties  

In functionalism

Affliction applies to multiple groups and communities, it's the everyday..

Affliction applies to multiple groups and communities

it's the everyday lived experiences of these groups 

In functionalism we have the term affliction

key ideas to affliction such as common interest, common characteristics and kinship/ familiar connections are all important ideas in what as well..

therefore affliction is an important idea to understand when talking about..

are all important ideas in social cohesion as well 

therefore affliction is an important idea to understand when talking about social cohesion

Functionalist state diversity is good for society because (2) reasons

Diversity gives society more (2) things of new specialized roles  

it gives us more interdependence and new ways of thinking  

Diversity gives society more specialization and development of new specialized roles  

functionalism 

(blank, person) gave us an understanding of division of labored goods  

Durkheim gave us an understanding of division of labored goods  

In functionalism we have Durkheim, he stated a specialization of (blank) were good

and that a specialized society was one of what?

Therefore, diversity leads to more (blank) for greater interdependence  

Durkheim stated a specialization of roles were good

and that a specialized society was one of interdependence 

Therefore, diversity leads to more social cohesion for greater interdependence  

Functionalism 

when modern society is finding they cannot fill high end jobs from their domestic population they bring in immigrant 

according to functionalists immigration brings in (1) things 

and higher rates of integration from immigration leads to..

Immigration brings in bring in diverse ways of looking at things

and higher rates of integration leads to specialization in society  

Functionalism states diversity is good for society because

diversity is..

Diversity is specialized

Conflict theory highlights how dominant groups benefit more than racialized groups from differentiations

As differentiation often provides advantages..

often provides advantages to dominate groups  

Conflict theorists state that majority groups seeks to dominate minorities because

Majority groups seek to dominate minorities because this can provide advantages

In conflict there we talk about the term stereotypes they are

Stereotypes are widely held beliefs about a social group that are overly simplistic and
often untrue (p. 219)

in conflict theory we have critical race theory (CRT) is a theory that views 

Is a theory that views racialization as a performance and a social construct rather than a reflection of innate, biological qualities 

Conflict theory states that stereotypes whether they are position or negative, grant… 

“good” stereotypes such as a group being considered smart has an advantage because they…

(the outside group, this group have the favourability..)

Stereotypes whether they are position or negative grant different privileges 

the outside group, this group have the favourability of being labeled as intelligent

Sociology and psychology studies state that in English societies such as Canada perceive an accent as

Therefore people who have an accent are 

having less intelligence 

therefore people who have an accent are excluded from society 

According to conflict theorists

Canada can't hire or deny employment based off of one's race, but if someone were to have an (blank) they would be less likely to be employed

Someone without an (blank) would benefit from the (blank) and therefore would not face exclusion

Canada can't hire or deny employment based off of one's race, but if someone were to have an ACCENT they would be less likely to be employed

Someone without an accent would benefit from the invisible knapsack created by Peggy Macintosh, and therefore would not face exclusion

According to conflict theorists

Racism is used in order to justify

the dominate groups discrimination (oppression and exclusion) of other groups in order to maintain positions in society  

According to conflict theorists critical race theory (CRT) is a theory that views racialization as a

critical race theory (CRT) is a theory that views racialization as a performance and a social construction rather than a reflection of innate, biological qualities (p. 219) 

In conflict theory 

There are (2) arguments among critical race theorists 

In the first argument CRT states that race.. 

Richard De C and John stated that different..

The second argument states

This means modern Canadian society is based on (2) things 

Notions of superiority and white supremacy in the United States can be seen from the 

One: argument of critical race theorist is race is a socially constructed just like gender 

Richard De C and John stated different critical race theorist describe race theory differently  

Two: racism is normalized in our society, it's a part of how our institutions are organized and informs how they work today  

This means Canadian society is based on colonialism and scientific racism,

notions of superiority and white supremacy in the United States can be seen from the transatlantic slave trade 

In the first category of CRT critical race theory we have a general

which states that race

and we know this to be true because

general understanding of critical race theory  

states that race is a social construct 

And we know this because biology or (biological features) fell apart with rise of science 

It's impossible to find a scientist that will state that race is anything other than a social construct because

It's impossible to find a scientist that will state that race is anything other than a social construct

because, science proves that there are no “biological differences” based on race 

Although not everyone agrees on how social construction takes place, but for the sake of this course and to make things simple we are just going to say social construction takes place through

social interactions 

In symbolic interaction we have Peter Burger and Thomas Luckman they state socialization derives meaning

And this is a (2) step process

First we categorize..

That means categories act on some basis of..

Secondly we forget..

therefore categories are naturalized and seem..

socialization derives meaning from agents of socialization

first we we categorized our experience and act on the basis of that information  

Categories act on some basis of information

Secondly we forget the social origins of categories and classifications; therefore, we see these categories as natural and unchanging

Categories are naturalized and seem unchangeable to us

Judith butler talked about gender and created the term gender performativity

Judith butler states performance of gender reinforces..

Performance of gender reinforces how we preform and gender becomes natural to us, and therefore seems unchangeable 

Conflict theory

There are (2) arguments CRT critical race theory provides 

(Although mentioned earlier) the second argument states racism is..

An example given from the states was the transatlantic slave trade 

The United States is also connected to slave control and membership in racial organizations this is seen through the relation to the 

In Canadian society the RCMP enforced..

Institutions such as legal systems and police are now to enforce rules that are constructed to include 

racism is normalized in our society, it's a part of how our institutions are organized and informs how they work today  

Seen in relation to the KluKluxKlan

The RCMP enforced the Canadian Indian act  

Institutions such as legal systems and police to enforce rules are constructed to include indigenous and black racialized people

Conflict theory

In relation to the second part of CRT critical race theory stating racism is normalized in our society, it's a part of how our institutions are organized and informs how they work today  

Examples given were related to the horrendous acts against poc, one being the ownership of slaves 

Slaves were used to have (2)

Often when slaves tried to escape they were 

Slaves were used to

One: have control over people

Two: to prevent the uprising of people who were captured and were slaves from uprising against the system

often when slaves tried to leave they were given back to their capturers  

Conflict theory

Some CRT critical race theorists state racism is a system of status that provides the drive of..

These systems allowed special status and privilege its connected which (2) concepts

Some critical race theorists state racism is a system of status that provides the drive of white supremacy 

These systems allowed special status and privilege, it connected white privilege and economic concerns  

Conflict theory

Some critical race theorist state this matters in the way we think or categorize people

because these theorist believe (2) share elements with (1)

SA or D share elements with.. (1)

Other critical race theorist state this matters in the way we think or categorize people; Because these theorists believe societal attitudes or discourse share elements with intersections  

Conflict theory

Some critical race theorist may state that racism is normal because..

This statement can be debunked because we know there is..

Some critical race theorist may state that racism is normal, because its apart of the everyday lived experienced of racialized individuals 

This statement can be debunked because we know there is a lower level of individuals who hold racist notions and beliefs compared to the past

Conflict theory

Racism is normalized and encouraged because..

In Canada this is visible in law because there is race in politics such as..

In the states this is visible through the creation of the..

These were not mistakes, they were explicit practices, we have white supremacy on the hierarchy of stratification in Canada and the states and this creates..

As a result racialized minorities have felt the long-term effects and impacts of..

Canada and the states as a society is organized around racism

In Canada this is visible in law, there is race in politics such as how poverty is treated and forcing indigenous people onto a reserve and into residential schools  

In the state this is visible through the creation of the Jim Crow Law

And this creates racialized status among people  

And impacts of this history