Chapter 7: Ethics

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30 Terms

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Ethics

is the study of morality; it involves reflecting on one’s moral standards or the moral standards of a group or a society, and asking whether they are reasonable.

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Cultural relativism

affirms that societies differ in their moral standards.

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Ethical absolutism

view that there is one and only one correct set of moral standards that everyone should follow everywhere and always.

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Ethical relativism

argues that because societies differ in the moral standards they accept, it follows that there is no single correct set of moral standards everyone should adopt

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Ethical egoism

claims that a morally right action is one that produces more good and fewer bad consequences for oneself than any other action.

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Hedonist egoists

claim that good consequences are those that produce pleasure for oneself, whereas bad consequences are those that produce pain.

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Utilitarianism

claims that a morally right action is one that produces more good and fewer bad consequences for everyone than any other action.

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Act Utilitarianism

claims that the right action is the one that itself produces more pleasure and less pain for everyone than any other action

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Rule Utilitarianism

claims that the right action is the one that follows those moral rules that will produce more pleasure and less pain if followed by everyone

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Divine command theory

a nonconsequentialist theory that says the morally right action is the one that God commands for example, in scripture

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natural law ethics

says that human nature has certain natural tendencies and that morally right actions are those that follow these natural tendencies

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principle of double effect

says that when an action has both a good and a bad effect—it produces one good but destroys another

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autonomy

the ability to decide for oneself the moral laws one will follow

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heteronomy

to let something or someone else decide what moral laws one will follow

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Kant’s categorical imperative

to be a morally good person I must never do something unless it is what I believe everyone ought to do

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Kant’s second categorical imperative

  • (1) Every human being is an end in himself—a person whose capacity to choose for himself must be respected
  • (2) we should always treat people as ends in themselves—as persons whose capacity to choose for themselves must be respected—and not only use them as means to achieve our own goals.
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Aristotle’s theory of virtue

only by fulfilling their specific purpose, which is to exercise their reason, and to do so in an excellent or virtuous way

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Gilligan

argued that Kohlberg’s levels are those through which men’s morality develops, but women’s morality develops through a different sequence of levels based on caring for oneself and for others.

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Kant

Who argued this?

  • (1) A person with a good will does what he does because he believes it is morally right to do it.
  • (2) To believe it is morally right to do something, is to believe it is what all human beings ought to do.
  • (3) Therefore, to be a person of good will—to be a good person—one must do what one believes all human beings ought to do.
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The Noble Eightfold Path

What is this?

  • (1) Whatever is tied to our individuality, such as birth, age, disease, death, and pain, brings suffering.
  • (2) We suffer because we crave things: pleasure, life, power.
  • (3) Only putting an end to craving will end our suffering.
  • (4) Craving can be ended only by following the Noble Eightfold Path of right understanding, right thought, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.
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five buddhist precepts

What are these?

  • (1) Harm no living thing
  • (2) do not take what is not given
  • (3) do not misuse the senses
  • (4) refrain from wrong speech
  • (5) do not eat or drink anything that clouds the mind.
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Kohlberg

Whose argument is this?

  • a preconventional level, focused on the self
  • a conventional level, focused on being accepted by a group and accepting the group’s conventional morality
  • a postconventional level, focused on moral principles.
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Gilligan

Whose argument is this?

  • (1) a level in which they are overly devoted to caring for themselves
  • (2) a level in which they are overly devoted to caring for others
  • (3) a level in which they balance caring for others and for themselves.
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buddhism

considers volitional actions as supremely important because they contribute to a person’s karma, which then determines a person’s future

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The Four Noble Truths

What are these?

  • (1) Whatever is tied to our individuality, such as birth, age, disease, death, and pain, brings suffering.
  • (2) We suffer because we crave things: pleasure, life, power.
  • (3) Only putting an end to craving will end our suffering.
  • (4) Craving can be ended only by following the Noble Eightfold Path of right understanding, right thought, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.
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da-na

the willingness to give when need arises

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metta

loving kindness

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Philia

brotherly love

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Eros

an intensely passionate love

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agape

the love that God or a Christian has for every person even if there is nothing good, pleasurable, or useful about that person