HEMATOLOGY

Sysmex XN 3000

Beckmann Coulter DXH 900

SP10

DI (Digital Imaging) 60

Analyzers

CBC Analyzers (4)

Electrical Impedance with Hydrodynamic Focusing

Analyzers

CBC Analyzers

Sysmex XN 3000

Principle for RBC and Platelets

Fluorescence Flow Cytometry

Analyzers

CBC Analyzers

Sysmex XN 3000

Principle for Differential Count (WBC)

Complete blood count

Reticulocyte count

Hemoglobin and hematocrit body fluids

Immature platelet fraction

Analyzers

CBC Analyzers

Sysmex XN 3000

Tests done (4)

Electrical Impedance

Analyzers

CBC Analyzers

Beckmann Coulter DXH 900

Main Principle

Complete blood count

Analyzers

CBC Analyzers

Beckmann Coulter DXH 900

Tests done

Mechanical

Analyzers

CBC Analyzers

SP10

Principle

Automated slide processor with stain preparation (15 mins)

Analyzers

CBC Analyzers

SP10

Tests done

Artificial Neural Network

Analyzers

CBC Analyzers

DI (Digital Imaging) 60

Has “ANN”

Digital Morphology (with built in microscope—OLYMPUS)

Analyzers

CBC Analyzers

DI (Digital Imaging) 60

Principle

Automated slide reader

Analyzers

CBC Analyzers

DI (Digital Imaging) 60

Tests done

Sysmex CS 2500-A

Sysmex CS 2500-5

Sysmex CA 101

Stago Compact MAX

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers (4)

Sysmex CS 2500-A

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers

Main machine for PT and PTT

Photo-optical

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers

Sysmex CS 2500-A

Principle

transmitted light detection

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers

Sysmex CS 2500-A

Photo-optical uses _ _ _

Routine testing for PT, PTT

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers

Sysmex CS 2500-A

Tests done (2)

Sysmex CS 2500-5

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers

Back-up machine for PT, PTT, and for special coagulation tests

transmitted light detection

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers

Sysmex CS 2500-5

Photo-optical uses _ _ _ method

PT

PTT

Thrombin time

Factor V Leiden

Protein C

Factor Assays II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

Heparin (LMWH and UFH)

Comprehensive platelet function assay

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers

Sysmex CS 2500-5

Tests done (8)

Thromborel S

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers

Sysmex CS 2500-5

Reagents for PT

Pathromtin SL, CaCl2

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers

Sysmex CS 2500-5

Reagents for PTT

Opto-mechanical via turbodensitometric method

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers

Sysmex CA 101

Principle

Mechanical (Viscosity-based Detection Method)

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers

Stago Compact MAX

Principle

Fibrinogen, D-dimer

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers

Stago Compact MAX

Routine Tests (2)

LAC (Lupus Anticoagulant), Protein S, Anti-thrombin III

Analyzers

Coagulation Analyzers

Stago Compact MAX

Special Tests (3)

Multiplate Analyzer

ALCOR Scientific iSED

Analyzers

Other Machines (2)

Impedance Aggregometry

Analyzers

Other Machines

Multiplate Analyzer

Principle

Clopidogrel Response Monitoring Test (ADP test)

Aspirin Response Monitoring Test (ASPItest)

Analyzers

Other Machines

Multiplate Analyzer

Tests done (2)

Photometric Rheology

Analyzers

Other Machines

ALCOR Scientific iSED

Principle

ESR

Analyzers

Other Machines

ALCOR Scientific iSED

Tests done

g/dL

11.6-15.5

13.0-17.0

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
Hemoglobin

%

36.0-47.0

40.0-52.0

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
Hematocrit

mil/mm3

4.20-5.40

4.70-6.10

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
Red Blood Cell

mm3

4,800-10,800

4,800-10,800

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
White Blood Cell

%

40-74

40-74

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
Differential Count
Neutrophil(s)

%

19-48

19-48

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
Differential Count
Lymphocyte(s)

%

0-7

0-7

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
Differential Count
Eosinophil(s)

%

3-9

3-9

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
Differential Count
Monocyte(s)

%

0-2

0-2

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
Differential Count
Basophil(s)

/mm3

150,000-400,000

150,000-400,000

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
Platelet Count

fl

82-98

82-98

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
MCV

pg

28-33

28-33

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
MCH

%

32-38

32-38

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
MCHC

%

11.0-14.0

11.0-14.0

CBC REFERENCE INTERVAL
	Unit	Female	Male
RDW

secs

11.9-14.2

Tests	Unit	Reference Values
PT

0.90-1.19

Tests	Unit	Reference Values
INR

secs

29.5-39.9

Tests	Unit	Reference Values
PTT

cellular morphology

Peripheral Blood Smear/Blood Film

Importance: A properly prepared blood smear/blood film is essential to accurate assessment of _ _

⅔ to ¾

Peripheral Blood Smear/Blood Film

Characteristics of a Well-made Blood Smear

About _-_ of the length of the slides is covered by the film

rounded

Peripheral Blood Smear/Blood Film

Characteristics of a Well-made Blood Smear

It is slightly _ at the feather edge (thin portion), not bullet shaped

Lateral

Peripheral Blood Smear/Blood Film

Characteristics of a Well-made Blood Smear

_ edges of the film should be visible

irregularities, holes, streaks

Peripheral Blood Smear/Blood Film

Characteristics of a Well-made Blood Smear

It is smooth without _, _, or _

rainbow appearance

Peripheral Blood Smear/Blood Film

Characteristics of a Well-made Blood Smear

The feathery edge of the slide should have a “_ _”

cells

morphology

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

Purpose: To identify _ and recognize _ easily through the microscope

Wright or Wright-Giemsa stains

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

are the most commonly used for peripheral blood and bone marrow films

eosin

methylene blue

polychrome stains

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

Wright or Wright-Giemsa stains contain both _ and _ _ and are therefore termed _ _

dry

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

Slides must be allowed to _ thoroughly before staining

methanol

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

The cells are fixed to the glass slide by the _ in the stain

pH

buffer

6.4

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

Staining reactions are _ dependent, and the actual staining of the cellular components when a _ (pH _) is added to the stain

Free methylene blue

RNA

blue

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

_ _ _ is basic and stains acidic cellular components, such as _, _

Free eosin

hemoglobin or eosinophilic granules

red

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

_ _ is acidic and stains basic components, such as _ or _ _, _

Neutrophils

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

_ have cytoplasmic granules that have a neutral pH and accept some characteristics from both stains

pink to salmon

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

An optimally stained film has the following characteristics:

The red blood cells (RBCs) should be _ to _

dark blue to purple

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

An optimally stained film has the following characteristics:

Nuclei are _ _ to _

lavender to lilac

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

An optimally stained film has the following characteristics:

Cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils are _ to _

dark blue to black

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

An optimally stained film has the following characteristics:

Cytoplasmic granules of basophils are _ _ to _

red to orange

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

An optimally stained film has the following characteristics:

Cytoplasmic granules of eosinophils are _ to _

colorless

clean

precipitated stain

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

An optimally stained film has the following characteristics:

The area between the cells should be _, _, and free of _ _

cellular morphology

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

A well-stained slide is necessary for accurate interpretation of _ _

2-3

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

The best staining results are obtained from freshly made slides that have been prepared within _-_ hours of blood collection

Automated

Manual

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

2 Staining Methods used in Hematology (2)

automated slide processor (SP10)

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

2 Staining Methods used in Hematology

Machine used for automated method

Giemsa Stain

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

2 Staining Methods used in Hematology

For platelets, RBC morphology, normal differential count, peripheral blood smear

Methanol

Eosin

Methylene Blue

Phosphate Buffer

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

2 Staining Methods used in Hematology

Giemsa Stain Components (4)

Wright’s-Giemsa Stain

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

2 Staining Methods used in Hematology

For abnormal differential count (immature cells)

Destroys RBC

Wright’s-Giemsa

Phosphate Buffer

Staining of Peripheral Blood Films

2 Staining Methods used in Hematology

Wright’s-Giemsa Stain Components (2)

Neutrophil

Types of WBC

engulf and have enzymes that destroy bacteria and other pathogens

Neutrophil

Types of WBC

They are the most abundant type of WBC in people’s bloodstream

Neutrophil

Types of WBC

They play an important role in fighting many types of bacterial infection

Lymphocyte

Types of WBC

Normally increased in pediatric and geriatric patients

infection

inflammatory condition

Types of WBC

Lymphocyte

High lymphocyte blood levels often indicate your body is dealing with an _ or other _ _

Lymphocytosis

Types of WBC

Lymphocyte

_ is very common, especially in people who have viral infections, chronic inflammation, certain types of cancer such as leukemia or lymphoma

Eosinophil

Types of WBC

Play a role in the immune system by helping fight microorganisms and parasitic infections

Eosinophil

Types of WBC

They are also activated during allergic reactions

Monocyte

Types of WBC

Travels through the blood to tissues in the body where it becomes a macrophage or a dendritic cell

Macrophages

Types of WBC

_ surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, remove dead cells, and boost immune responses

Monocyte

Types of WBC

Often linked to infectious diseases like infectious mononucleosis (IM), pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), or an autoimmune disease like lupus

Basophil

Types of WBC

These cells are loaded with very dark blue to dark purple granules filled with various proteins and chemicals like histamine, serotonin, and heparin—responsible for the emergence of anaphylactic shock

Basophils

Types of WBC

Increased _ sometimes means your body is fighting a serious medical condition such as myeloproliferative disorder, severe allergies