UNIT 2

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Which type of muscle is voluntary and striated?

Skeletal

Which type of muscle is involuntary and striated?

Cardiac

Which type of muscle is involuntary and non-striated?

Smooth

Which type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines?

Smooth

How do the three types of muscle (skeletal, cardiac, smooth) differ in terms of striation and control (voluntary/involuntary)?

Skeletal: Striated, Voluntary. Cardiac: Striated, Involuntary. Smooth: Non-striated, Involuntary.

What happens to muscles when a patient is immobilized for long periods?

They experience muscle atrophy (shrinkage/wasting).

What is the main function of skeletal muscle?

Movement (Locomotion), posture, and heat production.

What structure allows cardiac muscle cells to communicate and contract together?

Intercalated discs

What is the name for the wave-like muscular contractions that move substances through a tube (like the esophagus or intestines)?

Peristalsis

What term describes a muscle that assists the prime mover?

Synergist

What is the prime mover (or agonist)?

The muscle that is primarily responsible for generating a specific movement.

What is an antagonist muscle?

A muscle that opposes the action of the agonist, controlling the movement.

What is a synergist muscle?

A muscle that assists the agonist (prime mover) in performing a movement.

Give an example of an agonist/antagonist pair

e.g., Biceps/Triceps). Quadriceps (agonist for knee extension) / Hamstrings (antagonist).

Give an example of a striated muscle.

Skeletal muscle (Biceps) or Cardiac muscle (Myocardium).

Give an example of a muscle with intercalated discs.

Cardiac muscle

What is Cardiac Rehab?

A medically supervised program designed to improve cardiovascular health after a heart attack, heart failure, or other heart procedure.

What is the myocardium?

The muscular tissue of the heart.

Why is the left side of the myocardium thicker than the right side?

Because the left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body (systemic circulation) at higher pressure for longer distances, while the right side only pumps to the lungs.

What are the two major divisions of the skeletal system?

Axial and Appendicular

What bones are included in the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage (sternum).

What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?

Bones of the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.

Name a bone that belongs to the appendicular skeleton.

Humerus, Femur, Clavicle, Carpal, Patella, etc.

Name a bone that belongs to the axial skeleton.

Sternum, Mandible, Vertebrae, Skull.

What is the connective tissue that attaches bone to bone?

Ligament

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Protection of internal organs, posture, stability, structure, movement (in conjunction with muscles), and storage (minerals, blood cell production).

By what characteristics are bones categorized?

By shape, size, and location (e.g., Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid).

Give an example of a Flat Bone.

Sternum (Breastbone), Scapula, Skull bones.

Give an example of an Irregular Bone.

Mandible (Jawbone), Vertebrae

Give an example of a Short Bone.

Carpals (Wrist bones), Tarsals (Ankle bones).

Give an example of a Long Bone.

Humerus, Femur, Tibia, Fibula

Give an example of a Sesamoid Bone.

Patella (Kneecap).

Is the Humerus a Flat, Irregular, Short, or Long bone?

Long Bone

Are the Carpals of the wrist Flat, Irregular, Short, or Long bones?

Short Bones

Is the Mandible a Flat, Irregular, Short, or Long bone?

Irregular Bone

Is the Sternum a Flat, Irregular, Short, or Long bone?

Flat Bone

Is the Patella a Flat, Irregular, Short, or Long bone?

Sesamoid Bone

What are mature bone cells called?

Osteocytes

What are bone-building cells called?

Osteoblasts

What are the cells that clean up worn-out bone cells called?

Osteoclasts

What is the role of osteoblasts after a bone fracture?

They are responsible for the buildup of new bone and remodeling.

What is the role of osteoclasts after a bone fracture?

They break down bone tissue to reabsorb damaged bone and smooth the fracture site during healing.

What structure is the basic unit of compact bone and allows for communication?

Osteon

What substance is produced during red blood cell production in the bone?

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes).

What part of the bone contains red bone marrow in adults?

Spongy bone (cancellous bone), typically in the epiphyses of long bones and in flat/irregular bones like the sternum and pelvis.

What is the growth plate of a long bone also known as?

Epiphyseal plate

How are joints categorized?

By shape/size (e.g., ball-and-socket, hinge) and location, and by mobility/structure (Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial).

What are the three functional classifications of joints (based on movement)?

Synarthrosis (immovable), Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), Diarthrosis (freely movable).

What are the three structural classifications of joints (based on material)?

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial.

Give an example of an immovable joint.

Sutures of the skull (Fibrous joint).

Give an example of a fibrous joint.

Sutures of the skull.

What type of joint is found between the vertebrae?

Cartilaginous (Slightly movable).

What type of joint is freely moveable?

Synovial

What type of joint is the Shoulder Joint?

Ball and socket joint (Synovial).

What type of joint is the Knee?

Hinge joint (Synovial, complex).

What type of joint is the articulation between the C1/C2 vertebrae?

Pivot joint (Synovial).

What type of synovial joint allows for movement in many planes, including rotation (e.g., shoulder)?

Ball and socket joint

What type of synovial joint allows for movement in one plane only (e.g., elbow)?

Hinge joint

What type of synovial joint allows for rotation around a central axis (e.g., C1/C2)?

Pivot joint

What type of synovial joint allows for movement like the thumb's joint, giving it a high degree of mobility?

Saddle joint

What is the difference between a simple fracture and a compound fracture?

A Simple (closed) fracture does not break the skin; a Compound (open) fracture breaks through the skin.

What is another term for a simple fracture?

Closed fracture.

What is another term for a compound fracture?

Open fracture.

Define a displaced fracture.

The bone ends are not aligned or separated from their normal position.

Define a non-displaced fracture.

The bone ends remain in proper alignment (or close to it).

How will treatment differ between a displaced and a non-displaced fracture?

Non-displaced fractures often require only external fixation (e.g., cast, immobilization). Displaced fractures often require surgery to realign the bone ends before casting (reduction).

Which fracture type occurs from a twisting force?

Spiral

Which fracture type results in the bone being broken into multiple pieces?

Comminuted fracture.

Which fracture type breaks the bone straight across?

Transverse fracture.

What is an avulsion fracture and by what force is it caused?

A fracture where a tendon or ligament pulls a piece of the bone away; caused by Tension force.

What are the three types of compression fractures named in the review?

Wedge, Burst, Crush.

Which type of compression fracture is considered the worst and why?

The Burst fracture is the worst because it shatters the vertebral body, often sending fragments into the spinal cord, leading to the risk of bleeding and paralysis.

What is a Wedge fracture?

A type of compression fracture where the front of a vertebra collapses, creating a wedge shape.

What is a Burst fracture?

A type of compression fracture where the vertebra shatters in all directions.

Name the five forces that can cause a fracture.

Tension, Compression, Shearing, Bending, Torsion (Twisting).

Define the Tension force on a bone.

A pulling force that stretches the bone, often causing a transverse or avulsion fracture.

Define the Compression force on a bone.

A force that pushes the bone ends together, causing crush or wedge fractures, often in the spine.

Define the Shearing force on a bone.

A force applied parallel to the bone that causes it to slide and break.

Define the Bending force on a bone.

A force that causes the bone to bow, breaking the convex side first.

Define the Torsion (Twisting) force on a bone.

A rotating force that causes the bone to break in a spiral pattern.

What is the Epiphyseal plate (or growth plate)?

A hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at the end of a long bone, responsible for bone growth in length.

Why is a fracture that goes through the growth plate of a 15-year-old athlete more concerning than a typical fracture?

Because it can permanently disrupt or stunt bone growth

What is the most common cause of Osteoporosis?

Aging, leading to bones becoming weak and brittle.

What are the symptoms of Osteoporosis?

Bone pain, reduced height, and kyphosis.

Why does osteoporosis cause kyphosis (hunching of the back)?

The bones of the vertebrae weaken and collapse (compression fractures), causing the spine to curve forward.

What is kyphosis?

An excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing a hunching of the back.

What term describes a crackling or grinding sensation during movement that can be associated with a fracture or arthritis?

Crepitus

Is immobilization an appropriate treatment for a simple fracture?

True

What is the purpose of wearing gloves when applying a cast?

To protect the skin from chemicals, prevent scratching, or snagging the wet cast material.

What is the purpose of a cast or other immobilization devices?

To provide protection, support, and stability to keep the fracture site from moving, allowing the bone to heal.

What are the two main materials used for modern casting?

Plaster of Paris and Fiberglass.

What is the primary concern for a cast that is too tight?

Impairment of circulation and potential nerve damage.

When a cast is removed, what is a typical concern for the patient's skin and underlying muscles?

Skin irritation, dryness, and muscle atrophy (wasting) due to lack of use.

What imaging technique is best for evaluating bone density?

DXA or DEXA (Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry).

What does the acronym DXA (or DEXA) stand for?

Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry.

What is the most common and initial imaging technique used to diagnose a fracture?

X-ray (Radiograph).

True or False: Smooth muscle lines the medullary cavity of long bones.

False (The periosteum and endosteum, not smooth muscle).

True or False: The periosteum lines the medullary cavity of long bones.

False (The endosteum lines the medullary cavity; the periosteum covers the outside of the bone).

True or False: The appendicular skeleton includes the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.

True