Human anatomy test and lab practical 1

anatomical position

upright, feet together and parallel to one another, hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward

superior

references structures that are toward the head or above another structure

inferior

references structures that are away from the head or below another structure

medial

references structures that are toward or at the midline

lateral

references structures that are away from the midline

proximal

references structures that are closer to the origin or the point of attachment

distal

references structures that are further away from its origin.

anterior

references structures that are toward the front of the body

posterior

references structures toward the back of the body

superficial

references structures towards or at the body surface

deep

references structures away from the body surface

Sagittal plane

divides the body vertically. into left and right halves

midsagittal / parasagittal

mid divides the body equally - parasagittal divides the body unequally

frontal plane

divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior halves

transverse plane

divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior halves

dorsal cavity

houses and protects the nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and consists of the cranial and vertebral cavities

cranial cavity

surrounds the brain and lies within the bony skull

vertebral cavity

surrounds the spinal cord lies within the bony vertebral column

ventral cavity

houses and protects the internal organs in the chest and abdomen and consists of the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

thoracic cavity

surrounds the heart and lungs in the chest and lies within the bony ribs and sternum

pleural cavity

surrounds each lung and attaches to the chest wall and diaphram

pericardial cavity

surrounds the heart and attaches to the sternum, diaphragm, and great vessels

mediastinum cavity

surrounds the heart, great vessels, esophagus, and trachea that are between the lungs and attaches to the pleura and diaphragm

abdominal cavity

surrounds the digestive organs in the abdomen and lies within sheets of muscle and contains the peritoneal cavity. The abdominal cavity consists of the peritoneal cavity

peritoneal cavity

surrounds the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen and lies within a serous membrane. In women, the uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries extend into the peritoneal cavity

pelvic cavity

surrounds the urinary and reproductive organs in the pelvis and lies within the bony pelvic girdle

integumentary system

surrounds the entire body to provide protection, regulate body temperature, and contains sensory receptors to interact with the external and internal environment

skeletal system

supports the body, provides protection to delicate internal organs, stores minerals, forms blood cells, and works with the muscular system for body movements

muscular system

works with the skeletal system for body movement, opens and closes body passageways, maintains body posture, and generates body heat to maintain body temperature

nervous system

monitors changes occurring both inside and outside the body using sensory information and activates fast short term bodily responses. the nervous system has direct and indirect control over other body systems.

endocrine system

works with the nervous system to secrete hormones that regulates long-term bodily responses

cardiovascular system

transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body and metabolic waste to the kidneys for excretion and helps to maintain body temperature

lymphatic system

defends the body against pathogens, absorbs excess tissue fluids and fats and transports them to the bloodstream

respiratory system

provides for gas exchange and delivers oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide

digestive system

ingested food molecules are digested, nutrients are absorbed, and waste is removed from the body

urinary system

regulates the bodys extracellular environment and maintains water balance by removing and excreting waste from the body

male reproductive system

uses testosterone to develop the gametes of sperm that are then delivered to the female reproductive system for fertilization

female reproductive system

uses estrogen to develop the gametes of an egg that is then fertilized with a male sperm. it also supports the developing embryo and fetus and produces milk for the infant

plasma membrane

is the outer boundary that regulates the material entering and leaving the cell

cytoplasm

the jellylike fluid that contains the organelles between the plasma membrane and the region of DNA

DNA

stores genetic information that directs the making of proteins and overall functions of the organelles

Ribosomes

are used during protein synthesis and are located dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and attached to the rough er

nucleus

functions in forming a semipermeable boundary that separates the DNA from the chemical reactions occurring in the cytoplasm and is typically located near the center of the cell

rough endoplasmic reticulum

functions in modifying newly synthesized proteins and is located near the center of the cell and is attached to the nucleus

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

functions in lipid synthesis and is located near the center of the cell and is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apparatus

functions in refining, storing, and distributing the lipids and proteins made in the endoplasmic reticulum and is located near the surface of the cell

vesicles

function as storage centers or transport agents and are located throughout the cytoplasm

vacuoles

function in storing sugars, amino acids, wastes, and water and are located throughout the cytoplasm

lysosomes

function in intracellular digestion, cause apoptosis (cell death), and are located throughout the cytoplasm

peroxisomes

function in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and alcohol and are located throughout the cytoplasm

mitochondria

function in cellular respiration to form the energy carrier ATP and are located throughout the cytoplasm

cytoskeleton

functions in maintaining the cell shape, cell movement, and keeps organelles and cell structures in place or moves them to different locations and are located throughout the cytoplasm

nuclear envelope

outer membrane that forms a boundary that regulates the material entering and leaving the cell. contains nuclear pores to allow larger molecules to move through the membrane

nucleoplasm

jellylike fluid of the nucleus that is located between the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus. this is the location of DNA within the nucleus

microtubules

the largest of the cytoskeleton structures that keep organelles and cell structures in place or move them to different locations

microfilaments

are fine, threadlike cytoskeleton structures that reinforce the cell shape and aid in the contraction and movement of the cells

intermediate filaments

thinnest of the cytoskeletal structures that reinforce the cell shape

cilia

tiny hairlike structures that project from the surface of a cell and are composed of microtubules

flagella

long thin structures that propel the cell forward and are composed of microtubules

microvilli

tiny fingerlike structures that project from the surface of a cell and are composed of microfilaments

mitosis

divides the nucleus using four stages

cytokinesis

divides the organelles and cytoplasm using a contractile ring mechanism that pinches an existing cell into two daughter cells using spindle fibers made of microtubules

prophase

duplicated chromosomes begin to condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, the kinetochores attach, and duplicated centrioles migrate to opposite poles

metaphase

duplicated chromosomes are completely condense, spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores, and the duplicated chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

anaphase

cell elongates for the sister chromatids of the duplicated chromosome to pull apart

telophase

unduplicated chromosomes begin to decondense, and the nuclear enevlope forms around each set of unduplicated chromosomes, and a cleavage furrow begins to form

Epithelial tissue

composed of large sheets of cells that cover the body surfaces and line the body cavities

connective tissue

composed of various cell types, protein fibers, and a matrix that can vary in consistency from liquid to hard

muscle tissue

composed of long, thin bundles of cells that move the body and its parts

nervous tissue

composed of either elongated or ball like cells that receive stimuli from changes in the internal and external environment and coordinates and controls body activities to maintain homeostasis

squamous epithelial tissue

composed of flattened plate like cells that either provide protection or allow for the diffusion of molecules through them. simple lines the air sacs of lungs and the walls of blood vessels. stratified forms the epidermal

cuboidal epithelial tissue

composed of cube like shaped cells that absorb molecules. lines the surfaces of ovaries, kidney nephron tubules, and salivary ducts