IDENTITY AND PERSONALITY

Self-concept

the sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future

Identities

individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong

Self-esteem

our evaluation of ourselves

Self-efficacy

the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill in a given situation

What is the definition of locus of control?

a self-evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives

What are the two types of locus of control?

Internal and external

internal locus of control

success or failure is a result of our own actions

External locus of control

success or failure is a result of outside factors

Freud's stages of psychosexual development

based on tensions caused by the libido, with failure at any given stage leading to fixation

What is the first stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Trust vs mistrust

What is the second stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

What is the third stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Initiative vs guilt

What is the fourth stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Industry vs inferiority

What is the fifth stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Identity vs role confusion

What is the sixth stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Intimacy vs isolation

What is the seventh stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Generativity vs stagnation

What is the eighth stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Integrity vs despair

What are Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

stages that describe conflicts we face throughout our lives

What do Erikson's stages of psychosocial development stem from?

conflicts resulting from decisions about ourselves and our environment

Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning development

describes the approaches of individuals to resolving moral dilemmas

Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning development six stages divided into

three main phases:

-preconventional

-conventional

-postconventional

Vygotsky's theory of cultural and biosocial development

zone of proximal development

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

an area of learning where one cannot progress on their own

Who can assist in the Zone of Proximal Development?

a 'knowledgeable other'

Psychoanalytic Perspective

personality results from unconscious urges and desires

-Freud

-jung

Freud

id, ego, superego

Jung

collective unconscious, archetypes

Humanistic Perspective

emphasizes internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization

-Maslow

-Rogers

Maslow

hierarchy of needs

Rogers

unconditional positive regard; self-concept

Type and trait theory

personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors

Type theories of personality

Ancient Greek humors, Sheldon's somatotypes, division into Types A and B, and the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory

Eysenck's three major traits

psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism

Trait theorists' Big Five

-openness

-conscientiousness

-extraversion

-agreeableness

-neuroticism (OCEAN)

Allport's three basic types of traits

cardinal, central, secondary