Health and Movement Studies Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering health measurement, determinants of health, anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, energy systems, and skill acquisition.

World Health Organization (WHO) Definition of Health

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Health Continuum

A model that represents a spectrum of health, ranging from illness to optimal well-being, acknowledging that health is a dynamic process rather than a static state.

Epidemiology

The study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why, telling us about population health status, incidence, prevalence, and patterns to reduce disease occurrence.

Mortality

Typically measures the number of people within a specified population that dies in a given year, represented per $100,000$ of the population.

Infant Mortality

The number of deaths of children under one year of age.

Morbidity

Having a disease or a symptom of disease, or referring to the amount of disease within a population.

Incidence

The rate of new cases or events over a specified period for the population at risk ($\text{Incidence} = \text{How many people get the disease over a certain period}$).

Prevalence

The proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic in a given time period ($\text{Prevalence} = \text{How many people have the disease now}$).

Health Promotion

A process that empowers individuals and communities to take control of their health and improve their overall well-being.

Social Justice Principles (PEAR)

Principles including Participation, Equity, Access, and Rights that aim to reduce or eliminate inequality, foster inclusivity, and empower disadvantaged groups.

Equity (Social Justice Principle)

Recognises that each person has different circumstances and allocates the exact resources and opportunities needed to reach an equal outcome.

Self-Efficacy

A person's confidence in their ability to manage tasks, emotions, behaviour, and motivation.

Health Literacy

The ability to understand and interpret health information and use it to promote and maintain good health.

Resilience

Your ability to cope with life's ups and downs, which directly influences your level of health.

Advocacy

The process of arguing in support of a cause or position or acting on behalf of yourself or another individual to ensure that best interests are taken into account.

Axial Skeleton vs. Appendicular Skeleton

The axial skeleton consists of bones in the head, neck, back, and chest, while the appendicular skeleton includes the bones that attach to the axial skeleton, such as the shoulders, pelvis, and upper and lower limbs.

Synovial Joint

A freely movable joint that permits maximum movement, featuring an articular capsule, articular cartilage, synovial fluid, and bursae.

Ligaments vs. Tendons

Ligaments are fibrous bands that connect bone to bone to maintain stability, whereas tendons are tough, inelastic cords of tissue that attach muscle to bone.

Muscle Contraction Types (Isotonic vs. Isometric)

Isotonic Concentric contracts/shortens the muscle, Isotonic Eccentric lengthens the muscle under tension, and Isometric generates force without changing muscle length.

Agonist and Antagonist Muscles

An agonist (prime mover) is the muscle contracting or shortening to cause a major action, while an antagonist is the muscle that must relax and lengthen to control the movement.

Biomechanics

The study of human movement through the science of investigating the forces acting on the body (kinetics) and the movements of the body (kinematics).

Cardiac Output

The total amount of blood the heart pumps every minute, calculated as $\text{Cardiac Output} = \text{Stroke Volume} \times \text{Heart Rate}$.

Stroke Volume

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each beat of the heart.

ATP-PCr System

An anaerobic energy system that utilizes stored ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) in muscles to power short, explosive movements lasting up to $10$\,s.

Glycolytic System

An anaerobic energy system that breaks down glucose and glycogen for high-intensity efforts lasting $10$\,s to $2$\,min, producing ATP rapidly alongside lactic acid.

Aerobic Energy System

An oxygen-requiring energy system that utilizes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce large amounts of ATP slowly for long-duration, low-to-moderate intensity activities.

FITT Principle

A framework for structuring exercise programs, standing for Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long), and Type (the kind of exercise).

Cognitive Stage of Learning

The initial stage of skill acquisition where the learner conceptualizes what to do, requiring clear instructions, demonstrations, and delayed feedback while making frequent errors.

Associative Stage of Learning

The intermediate stage where the learner refines technique through practice, reducing errors, improving movement fluency, and enhancing kinaesthetic sense.

Autonomous Stage of Learning

The advanced stage of skill acquisition where performance becomes automatic and instinctive, allowing the performer to adapt under pressure and focus on external cues.

Massed Practice vs. Distributed Practice

Massed practice involves long training sessions with few breaks best suited for discrete, non-fatiguing skills, whereas distributed practice consists of short sessions with frequent breaks ideal for complex or fatiguing skills.

Task-Intrinsic Feedback vs. Augmented Feedback

Task-intrinsic feedback is internal sensory feedback (such as proprioception) received naturally by the performer, whereas augmented feedback is external information provided by a coach, video, or score.