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What is anatomy?
The study of body structures and how they relate to each other.
What is physiology?
The study of how the body works and its functions.
What is the chemical level of the body?
Atoms and molecules that form the basic building blocks of life - letters.
What is the cellular level?
Molecules joined together to form cells - words.
What is the tissue level?
Groups of similar cells and surrounding material - sentences.
What is the organ level?
Different tissues working together to form organs - paragraphs.
What is the system level?
Organs that work together to perform a function (like digestion) - chapters.
What is the organismal level?
A living individual with all systems working together - book.
What does the skeletal system include?
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.
What does the muscular system do?
Moves the body and maintains posture using skeletal muscles (voluntary).
What does the nervous system do?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves - generates action potentials (nerve impulses) for regulation of the body.
What is included in the head/neck region?
Skull, face, and neck muscles.
What parts are in the upper limbs?
Shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand, and fingers.
What is included in the trunk?
Chest, abdomen, pelvis, and back.
What parts are in the lower limbs?
Thigh, knee, calf, ankle, foot, and toes.
What is the anatomical position?
Subject is standing facing forward, with arms at sides, and palms and feet facing forwards.
What is the prone position?
Lying face down.
What is the supine postion?
Lying face up.
What does the sagittal plane do?
Divides the body into left and right parts - median is qual and paramedian is unequal.
What does the frontal (coronal) plane do?
Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior).
What does the transverse plane do?
Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts.
What does superior mean?
Toward the head or upper part.
What does inferior mean?
Away from the head or lower part.
What does medial mean?
Closer to the midline.
What does lateral mean?
Farther from the midline.
What does proximal mean?
Closer to where a limb attaches to the body (humerus is proximal to radius).
What does distal mean?
Farther from where a limb attaches to the body (fingers are distal to wrist).
What does anterior (ventral) mean?
Toward the front.
What does posterior (dorsal) mean?
Toward the back.
What does palmar mean?
Front or palm side of the hand.
What does plantar mean?
Bottom or sole of the foot.
What does superficial mean?
Toward the surface.
What does intermediate mean?
Between a superficial and deep structure (bicep is intermediate between skin and bone).
What does deep mean?
Away from the surface.
What does ipsilateral mean?
On the same side.
What does contralateral mean?
On the opposite side.
What is an axis in movement?
An invisible line around which a body part moves or rotates.
What is a plane in movement?
An imaginary flat surface that divides the body.
How are axes and planes related?
Movements occur in the plane that’s perpendicular (90 degrees) to the axis.
What movement happens in the medial-lateral (ML) axis?
Through sagittal plane - axis is horizontal through the hips - flexion (bent) and extension (straight) movements - sit ups.
What movement happens in the superior-inferior (SI) axis?
Through transverse plane - axis is vertical from head to toes - rotation movements - turning head.
What movement happens in the anterior-posterior (AP) axis?
Through frontal plane - axis is horizontal from belly to back - abduction and adduction movements - jumping jacks.
What is circumduction?
A circular movement that combines multiple axes (not pure rotation).
What is inversion of the foot?
Turning the sole of the foot inward.
What is eversion of the foot?
Turning the sole of the foot outward.