Lecture 5

Michel Foucault

influential postmodern theorist

Hidden

Foucault focused on ______ forms of power

gay

Foucault's sociological perspective was shaped by the fact that he was ______ and was marginalized

does, is

power can be identified better by what it _____ than what it _____

social power

forces us to act in certain ways

Marx

Foucault was influenced by _______

limited, materialism

Saw the economy as too _____, so he disagreed with Marx's __________

economy

Foucault believed that it is not only the ______ that is a basis of power but also race, gender, and sexuality

everywhere, act, relation

Power is _______ and is always forcing us to ______ in certain ways in all social ________

anyone

Foucault believed that power isn't necessarily controlled by ________

powerful

even the most _______ people have power exerted on them

autonomous

the social structures exerting power are _______

embedded, shape

Foucault was influenced by Durkheim because he thought that we are _______ in social relations and that they ______ us

suicide

Foucault attempted _______ because of his sexuality

freedom, conform

according to Foucault, rules/institutions are removing our ______ by forcing us to _________

hidden, power

Foucault thought that rules and institutions had a ______ and horrible form of ______

consensus

Foucault believed that power and domination underlie _________, contrarily to Durkheim

genealogy

transformations of power over the longue durée to analyze changes

overt

throughout history, power was ______ and coercive because people knew that power was exerted over them

hidden, modernity

overtime, religions and ideology promoted a ______ power that became dominant with ______

power, conform, authorities

science and bureaucracy became hidden bases of enormous ________ and it forced people to ______ to what ______ say is proper

disciplines

formal social institutions that endow individuals with capacities and inclinations. Ex: education, hospitals

classical

disciplines emerged during the _______ period

merit, legitimacy

disciplines are important sources of _______ and _______

control

disciplines serve to _______ individuals

panopticon society

concept that disciplinary institutions remove our agency and force us to be disciplined without overt coercion -> power of ideas

lives, watching

our ______ are like a panopticon, someone is always _____ us

discourse

idea that we are socialized in ways that give meaning to subjects/issues/objects

different, lenses

people are socialized in _______ ways to there are multiple ______ and meanings

danger, pro-active

Ex: immigration. 1 discourse = ______, 1 discourse = ______-_____ individuals

knowledge

it is shaped by discourses (biases), so there is no objective _______

subjective

according to Foucault, knowledge is ______

asylum

Foucault spent time in an _____ due to his homosexuality

bases

systems of knowledge production are ______ of power

control, power

you don't have power when you have knowledge, discourses surrounding the system of knowledge production ______ us and have ______ over us

are

knowledge systems make us who we ______

episteme

organizing structure of knowledge

science

powerful, global and modern episteme

modernity

many technologies of knowledge production shape _______

invisible, controls

the scientific episteme is ____, it's legitimate + we don't realize how it ______ us

benefit, hurt

experts present knowledge in ways that _______ some and _____ others

critical, free

Foucault emphasizes the need to be _____ and to demystify how knowledge production works so we can weaken it and ______ people from the scientific panopticon

biopolitics

discourse that is a biological way of looking out for the well-being of populations/collective

benefit

biopolitics promote greater discipline, conformity, sacrifice to _____ the collective

elimination, health, freedom

dark side of biopolitics: accepts the _______ of "enemies"/"degenerates" for social _____ and removes individual _________

ideal

Foucault views power as both material and ______

democracy

general type of regime

regime

the formal rules about who rules and how they rule

hunter-foragers

highly democratic society in which all could participate in decision making

universal

Athens' democracy was not ______ because only non-slave males who owned land could vote

elites

England's Bill of Rights democracy was restricted to the _______

slavery, women

US' democracy was not a real one because of _______ and _______ rights

19th

democracy began to spread in the mid____ century

democratic

Canada is considered as very _________

2002, vote

Canada obtained universal suffrage in _______ when prisoners were given the right to _______

real

according to Dahl, Canada is far from a ______ democracy

equality

according to Dahl, democracy requires nothing less than political _______

political equality

people need the same ability to influence the collective decision-making

ability

effective participation in Canada: people have the right to speak freely but not the ______ (ex: big corporation vs. homeless)

voting, more

voting equality in Canada: access to ______ can be difficult and rural populations are _____ represented (fewer people)

education, social

enlightened understanding requires that everyone has a high level of _______, especially in the _______ sciences