Unit 2 — Age of Reformation

**Anticlericalism

** Opposition to the clergy

**Indulgence

** A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins

**Protestant

** The name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups

**Spanish Armada

** The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism; Weather and the English fleet defeated it

**The Institutes of the Christian Religion

** Calvin’s formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism (absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God, total weakness of humanity)

**Predestination

** The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works

**Holy Office

** The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy

**Jesuits

** Members of the Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith

**Huguenots

** French Calvinists

**Politiques

** Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse

**Edict of Nantes

** A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France

**Union of Utrecht

** The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands (made the north Protestant and the south stayed Catholic)