High Yield Section 2 Microbio

Mutualism vs Commensalism vs Parasitism

Mutualism: both benefit. Commensalism: one benefits, other unaffected. Parasitism: one benefits, host harmed.

Resident vs Transient microbiota

Resident: long-term, stable (skin flora). Transient: temporary, may be pathogenic.

Living vs Nonliving reservoirs

Living: humans, animals. Nonliving: soil, water, food.

Mechanical vs Biological vector

Mechanical: carries pathogen externally (fly). Biological: pathogen grows/develops inside vector (mosquito-malaria).

Direct vs Indirect contact

Direct: physical contact. Indirect: via fomites (doorknob).

Local vs Focal vs Systemic infection

Local: one site. Focal: spreads from local to secondary site. Systemic: whole body via blood/lymph.

Sign vs Symptom

Sign: objective, measurable (fever, rash). Symptom: subjective (pain, fatigue).

Acute vs Chronic vs Latent disease

Acute: rapid, short (flu). Chronic: long-lasting (TB). Latent: inactive, can reactivate (herpes).

Innate vs Adaptive immunity

Innate: immediate, non-specific. Adaptive: slower, specific, memory.

Morbidity vs Mortality

Morbidity: cases of disease. Mortality: deaths from disease.

Incidence vs Prevalence

Incidence: new cases in a time period. Prevalence: total cases at a time.

Endemic vs Epidemic vs Pandemic

Endemic: always present. Epidemic: sudden increase. Pandemic: worldwide epidemic.

Quarantine vs Isolation

Quarantine: restrict exposed people. Isolation: separate infected people.

Contact tracing steps

1. Case investigation 2. Identify contacts 3. Notify contacts 4. Monitor/follow-up.