SNELL NEURO CHAPTER 1

Both CNS and PNS are covered with a sytem of membrane called?

Meninges

what are the process structures of neurons?

Axons or nerve fibers

specialized cells that support the neurons

Neuroglia

they are gray structures that consist of nerved fibers imbeded in neuroglia

Gray Matter

The CNS interior is organized into two main structures which are the?

gray and white matter

white matter is consist of nerve fibers embedded in neuroglia and is white in color because?

presence of “LIPID MATERIALS” in nerve fiber myelin sheath

In the PNS, the nerves are surrounded by what structure to help in protection?

Fibrous sheath

Part of the ANS that prepares the body for emergency

Sympathetic

part of the ANS that aims to conserve at restore energy

Parasympathetic

Suspends the brain and spinal cord

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cylindrical and begins superiorly at the foramen magnum where it is continuous w/ medulla oblongata of the brain

SPINAL CORD

What are the three meninges that protects the brain and spinal cord?

1\. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater

The spinal cord tapers of into??

conus medullaris

There are 32 pairs of spinal nerves that are attached by the anterior and posterior roots. (T or F)

False (there are 31 pairs)

Posterior and anterior roots possesses posterior and anterior root ganglion that give rise to the CNS and PNS nerve fibers. (T or F)

False (only the posterior roots have ganglia)

Explain the structural orientation of spinal cord in terms of its matter

Gray matter- inner core and in a H-shaped pillar, devides into ant and post columns

White matter- outer covering, divided in to anterior, lateral, posterior columns

The brain is continuous with spinal chord through what strcuture?

foramen magnum

Collective term for medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

Brain stem

Surrouded by the 4th ventricle

Hindbrain

Conical in shape; connects pons above to spinal cord below

Medulla oblongata

Explain the orientation/relationship of the pons in the brain

Situated anterior to cerebellum; inferior to midbrain; superior to medulla oblongata

Name derives from large number of transverse fibers that connects 2 cerebellar hemispheres

Pons

Lies within posterior cranial fossa of the skull

Cerebellum

what connects the 2 hemisphere of the cerebellum

vermis

large bundles of nerve fibers connecting cerebellum to remainder of nervous system

Peduncles

Explain the 3 peduncles of the cerebellum

to the midbrain = superior cerebellar peduncles

pons = middle cerebellar peduncles

medulla = inferior cerebellar peduncles

The cortex is the surface layer of each cerebellar hemisphere and is composed of white matter. (T or F)

False (it is gray matter)

Cortex have folds cold gyri and fissures called sulci (t or f)

True

Largest mass of gray matter found inferior to cerebellum and is embedded in white matter

Dentate Nucleus

Narrow part of brain that connects forebrain to hindbrain

Midbrain

What connects the 4th and the 3rd ventricle?

cerebral aqueduct

central part of the forebrain

Diencephalon

Diencephalon consist of ventral thalamus and dorsal hypothalamus. (t or f)

False (dorsal thalamus and ventral hypothalamus)

Thalamus is large, egg-shaped mass of white matter that lies either side of lateral ventricle

False (gray matter, 3rd ventricle)

what forms the posterior boundary of interventricular foramen

anterior end of Thalamus

Hypothalamus forms the lower part of lat. wall and floor of 3rd ventricle (t or f)

True

– largest part of brain; consists of 2 cerebral

Cerebrum

Cerebrum is largest part of brain; consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres which are connected by white matter called

corpus callosum

Each hemispheres of the cerebrum extend from frontal to occipital bones of skull, superior to the anterior and middle cranial fossae, and posterior above the tentorium cerebelli. (t or f)

True

Fan-shaped collection of nerve fibers

Corona Radiata

Corona Radiata

Passes in white matter to and from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem

The corona Radiata converges basal nuclei and passes between them as what?

Internal capsule

The caudate nucleus tailed on what side of the internal capsule?

Medial Side

The lentiform nucleus is a lens-shaped structure that place on what side of the internal capsule?

Lateral side

Explain the structures of the brain base on the orientation of white and gray matter.

Inner core: white matter

Outer covering: gray matter

Certain important masses of gray matter are situated deeply within white matter

Gray cerebellar nuclei is found in what structure of the brain?

Cerebellum

Give me the three gray matter masses you can found inside the cerebrum

Gray thalamic, caudate, and lentiform nuclei

Cranial nerves is 12 pairs of nerves that leaves the brain and pass through the foramina of the skull. (T or F)

True

The spinal nerves leaves and pass through to what structures of the vertebral column?

Intervertebral foramina

How many spinal nerves in the spinal region? Enumerate!!!

8 – cervical

12 – thoracic

5 – lumbar

5 – sacral

1 – coccygeal

Consists of bundles of nerve fibers carrying nerve impulses away from the CNS

Anterior roots

Motor fibers are said to be efferent and lies in the anterior gray horn of spinal cord. (T or F)

True

Posterior roots are both afferent and efferent. (T or F)

False (afferent only)

Cell bodies of posterior root fibers are situated in a swelling on posterior root called the?

posterior root ganglion

Level of termination of the spinal cord

1st Lumbar

Roots of lumbar and sacral nerves form vertical leash of nerves around filum terminale and are called

cauda equina

Upper cervical region, spinal nerve roots are short and run almost diagonally (T or F)

False (horizontally)

Continues anteriorly to supply the muscles and skin over the anterolateral body wall + muscles and skin of the limbs

Large Anterior Ramus of spinal nerves

Passes posteriorly around vertebral column to supply muscles and skin of the back

Small posterior ramus

The large anterior and small posterior ramus both contains afferent and efferent fibers. (T or F)

True

What rami forms the nerve plexuses of the limbs?

Large anterior ramus

Ganglia can be divided into?

1\.Sensory ganglia of spinal nerves (posterior root ganglia) and cranial nerves

2\. Autonomic ganglia

Irregular in shape; situated along the course of efferent nerve fibers of the ANS

Autonomic Ganglia

Sensory ganglia can be found at what cranial nerve fibers?

CN 5,7-10

Explain the 3 main cell layers during gastrulation!

1\. Entoderm – GI tract, lungs, and liver

2\. Mesoderm – muscle, connective tissues, and vascular system

3. Ectoderm – entire nervous system, skin

During the 3rd week of development, ectoderm thickens to form the ?

Neural plate

Neural plate is pear-shaped and wider caudally; develops longitudinal neural groove ( T or F)

False (wider cranially)

Wat closes first, the ant or post neuropores? Explain other infos you might find relevant hehe

Anterior neuropores – closes first o

Posterior neuropores – closes 2 days later

Neural tube is complete within 40 days (T or F)

False (28 days)

Explain how the neural crest is form!

The cells forming the lateral margin of the plate do not become incorporated in the neural tube, instead form a strip of ectodermal cells that lie between the neural tube and the covering ectoderm, the Neural Cres

Neural crest cells will differentiate into the cells of? ENUMERATE!

1\. Posterior root ganglia

2\. Sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves

3\. Autonomic ganglia

4\. Cells of suprarenal medulla

5\. Melanocytes

Excessive numbers of neurons and neuroglial cells develop, and many will be programmed to die by a process known as?

programmed cell death

Simplest progenitor cells will differentiate into neurons and neuroglial cells (T or F)

True

Kung magaling ka (explain the whole table of gastrulation :>)

In what space can you fine the subarachnoid space?

Between the pia and arachnoid matter

The hemisphere of the cerebrum is separated by a deep cleft called?

Longitudinal fissure

A septum that is found in the separation of the two hemisphere of cerebrum

Falx Cerebri