linguistics chapter 4, Linguistics Ch1-Ch3, Manner of Articulation-COMP 356, ESL Phonetic consonants, Phonetics: Stops, Fricatives, Affricates, Nasal, Liquids, Glides, phonetic representations

phonology

the study of the systems and patterns of speech used in language

phoneme

the smallest meaning-distinguishing sound unit in the abstract representation of the sounds of a language

natural classes

a set of sounds with phonetic features in common, such as /p/ , /t/ and /k/ in English, which are all voiceless stops

phones

a physically produced speech sound, representing one version of a phoneme

allophones

one closely related set of speech sounds or phones

aspiration

a puff of air that sometimes accompanies the pronunciation of a stop

minimal pair (set)

two (or more) words that are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme in the same position in each word (e.g bad, mad)

closed syllable

a syllable that ends with a consonant or (coda)

coda

the part of a syllable after the vowel

nucleus

the vowel in a syllable

onset

the part of a syllable before the vowel

open syllable

a syllable that ends with a vowel (or nucleus) and has no coda

phonotactics

constraints on the permissible combination of sounds in a language

rhyme

the part of the syllable containing the vowel (nucleus) plus any consonant(s) (coda), also called "rime"

syllable

a unit of sound consisting of a vowel and optional consonants before or after the vowel

coarticulation effects

the process of making one sound virtually at the same time as the next sound

consonant cluster

two or more consonants in sequence

assimilation

the process whereby a feature of one sound becomes part of another during speech production

nasalization

pronunciation of a sound with air flowing through the nose, typically before a nasal consonant

elision

the process of leaving out a sound segment in the pronunciation of a word

place of articulation

WHERE in the sound is made (bilabials, labiodentals, interdentals, alveolars, palatals, velars, uvulars, and glottals)

consonants

airflow is restricted

vowels

continuous flow of air

bilabials

bringing both lips together

Example: [p], [b], [m]

dental

the tip of the tongue towards the back of the teeth. Such sounds are not present in Standard American English, but in some Chicano English dialects and certain Brooklyn dialects, the sounds [t] and [d] are pronounced with a dental articulation.

labiodentals

with the upper teeth and the inner lower lip

Example: [f], [v]

interdentals

inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth

Example: TH [ϴ], [ð]

alveolars

tongue touches or nearly touches the alveolar ridge

Example: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [ɹ]

alveopalatal

tongue touches or nearly touches behind alveolar ridge

Example: [ʃ] as in ship, [ʒ] as in rouge, [ʧ] as in chip, [ʤ] as in judge

palatals

raising the tongue to touch the hard palate (highest part of the mouth)

Example: [j] as in yes

velars

raising back of the tongue to the velum (soft palate)

Example: [k], [g], [ŋ] as in sing

Glottals

Sounds made with the glottis (using the vocal folds)

Example: [ʔ]as in Uh-oh , [h]

manner of articulation

HOW the airflow is affected (1. voiceless, voiced 2. stops, aspirated stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, syllabic nasals, liquids, flap, syllabic liquids, glides)

voicing

refers to whether the vocal folds are vibrating when pronouncing consonant sounds

voiceless

consonants produced without vibration of the vocal folds

Example: [p], [s]

voiced

consonants produced with vibration of the vocal folds in the larynx. (vibrating vocal cords)

Example: [b], [z] in BUZZ

phonetic features

the smallest units of phonology, which are divided into groups

Example: major class features, voice, place & manner of articulation

stops

consonants in which the airstream is completely blocked prior to release.

Example: [p],[b], [t], [d], [k],[g]

fricatives

consonants in which the airflow is forced through a narrow passageway in the mouth or throat creating continuous friction.

Example: [f], [v], [ϴ] as in thick, [ð] as in then, [s],[z],[ ʃ ] as in ship, [ʒ] as in rouge,[ h]

affricates

the sound begins as a stop and ends as a fricative.

Example: [ʧ] as in chip, [ʤ] as in judge

nasal

continuous air is released through the nasal cavity while the speech organs assume a stoplike position.

Example: [m],[n], [ŋ] as in sang

approximant

is formed by the constriction of the vocal tract, but with no blockage in the airflow. The airstream moves around the tongue in a relatively unobstructed manner similar to vowels

Example: liquids--[l] as in glides, [ɹ]as in rod and Glides--[w] as in wait, [ʍ] as in when, [j] as in _use

liquids

when the—tip or front—of tongue approaches a point of articulation within the mouth but does not come close enough to obstruct the airflow to create turbulence (as with fricatives). It allows a relatively free flow of air they are only two sounds --consonants: /l/ and /r/ as in the flap sound of butter and hitting

glides

consonant sound--using the body of the tongue--that are characterized by a continued quick gliding motion of the articulators into the following vowel.

Example: [j] as in yellow, [w] as in wait, [ʍ] as in what and where

aspiration

a sound made by narrowing the vocal tract, but not enough to cause turbulent air flow

Examples: [P^h] and in pit, [ t^h] as in tick, and [k^h]and in keep

diphthongs

are two vowels produced consecutively in the same syllable by moving the articulators smoothly from the position of one to the other.

Examples: major [aj] as in lies, [aw] as in now, [cj] as in boy and minor [ej] as in say, [ow] as in grow

lateral (feature)

a manner of articulation feature that characterizes a sound made with the sides of the tongue lowered

Examples: varieties of l

syllabic liquids

liquids that function as the syllabic nuclei- they follow stops, fricatives and affricates at the ends of words [l] and [r]

Example: the [l] in bottle

syllabic nasal

nasals that function as the syllabic nuclei - they follow stops, fricatives and affricates at the ends of words [m] and [n]

Examples: the [n] in button

high vowels

a vowel that is made with the tongue raised

Example: [i] as in seal, [ ] as in bit, [u] as in boot, [ʊ] as in book

mid vowels

a vowel that are made with the tongue neither raised or lowered

Example: the vowel sounds in [ej] as in bait], [ԑ] as in set, [ә] as in of, [ʌ ] as in but, [ɔj] as in boy, [ɔ] as in caught, [ow] as on boat

low vowels

a vowel that is made with the tongue lowered

Examples: vowel sounds [ӕ] in cat and [aj] as in lies, [aw] as in crowd, [ɑ] as in hot

front vowels

a vowel that is made with the tongue positioned in the front of the oral cavity

Examples: the vowel sounds [i] as in seal, [ ] as in bit, [ej] as in bait], [ԑ] as in bet, [ӕ] as in bat

central vowels

a vowel that is made with the tongue in neutral position

Examples: [ә] as in the, [ʌ] as in but, [aj[ as in my], [aw] as in plow

back vowels

a vowel that is made with the tongue positioned in the back of the mouth

Examples: the vowel sounds in [u] as in boot, [ʊ] as in book, [ow] as on boat, [ɔj] as in boy, [ɔ] as in caught, [ɑ] as in hot

reduced vowel

a process that converts a full vowel, typically unstressed, to the short, lax schwa /ә/ Only words with 2 or more syllables can have a schwa-- pronunciation very close to a quick short u.

Examples: president

rounding

the act of protruding the lips to make rounded sounds

Example: [ow] as in note, [ɔ] as in caught, [ɔj] as in boy, [ʊ] as in book and [u] as in boot

/ u, ʊ, ow, ɔj, ɔ/

schwa

[ә] symbol the mid lax rounded vowel that is characterized by briefer duration than other vowels (reduced vowel) Used for unstressed vowel and words the and a

Examples: Canada and suppose

tense vowels

vowels that are made with a relatively tense tongue and greater vocal tract constriction than a lax vowel

Examples: heat and boat

lax vowels

vowels that are made with the placement of the tongue that results in relatively less vocal tract constriction

Examples: hit and but

Suprasegmental

the properties that are part of all sounds regardless of their place and manner of articulation - pitch, loudness and length (stress) --syllables are suprasegmental ...above the individual speech sound

strident

a place feature of fricatives and affricates that are nosier

Examples [s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ]

sonorants

a sound that is singable (in contract to an obstruent) made with little obstruction of airflow

Examples: vowels, glides, liquids and nasals

obstruent

any non sonorant consonant

Example: fricatives, affricates and oral stops

thought group

group of 2-5 words that form a unit of meaning also called a phrase

Example: the following sentence has 3 thought groups-The English language/uses two thought groups/ for clear communication.

pitch

movement in utterances that are not related to tone -some languages use pitch to signal differences in meaning

Example: Mandarin

intonation

is pitch movement that is not related to word meaning, but dose affect meaning when broadly applied to an utterance

rising pitch

is often used to signal a question

terminal (intonation) contour

a falling level pitch at the end of an utterance indicates the utterance is complete

Example: Fred parked the car.

nonterminal (intonation) contour

a rising level intonation often signal incompleteness- Rising nonterminal intonations are used in a lists and a telephone numbers

Example: Margo? Is that you? Sally, Fred, Helen and Joe, two-eight-four-two-five-one-three

wh-questions

who, what, when, where, and how do not ordinarily have rising intonation. The word is enough to indicate an answer is expected.

articulatory processes

assimilation, dissimilation, deletion, epenthsis, metathesis, reduction

assimilation

involves sounds changing to become more like nearby sounds

progressive assimilation

the conditioning sound precedes and affects the following sound (regular plural and past tense endings)

Example: runs-->/runz/, please-->/pliz/, helped-->/hԑlpt/, stunned-->/stʌnd/

regressive assimilation

this assimilation precedes and is affected by the conditioning sound - assimilation in which a following sound has an effect on a preceding one, as in pronouncing "have" in "have to" as [haf] influenced by the voiceless (t) in to.

have to = hafta

/hӕf/ <------ /tә /

assimilation for voice

a sound takes on the same voice as a nearby sound

Includes: voicing, devoicing

assimilation for place of articulation

a sound takes on the same place of articulation as a nearby sound

Includes: nasal assimilation, palatalization and more

assimilation for manner of articulation

a sound takes on the same manner of articulation as a nearby sound

Includes: nasalization, flapping (tapping), and more

dissimilation

two sounds become less alike; to make it easier to pronounce

Example: fifths [fɪfϴs]--->[fɪfts]

deletion

removes a sound from the phonetic context-occurs in rapid speech

Example: [fɪfϴs]--->[fɪfts]

deletion of the schwa is common

Example: suppose [sapowz] --->[spowz]

epenthesis

the insertion of a vowel or consonant segment withing an existing string of segments--occurs in common speech

Example: warmth [wɔɹmϴ] --->[[wɔɹmpϴ]

metathesis

a process that changes the order of segments--occurs in the speech of young children

Examples: ask [ӕsk ---> [ӕks]

features

a unit that corresponds to a single piece of either articulatory or acoustic information. It's the smallest type of phonological structure.

segments

an individual speech sound. Each symbol in IPA represents a segment. Segments are comprised of features.

syllables

consists of a vowel and any preceding or following segments. Syllables are comprised of segments.

phonemes

distinctive sounds in a language that contrast with other sounds in a language- indicated with / /

Example: /ɪ/ and /i/ as in rich and reach

allophones

phonetic variants of a phoneme (usually in complimentary distribution with each other) - indicated with [ ]

Example: voiced and voiceless [l] in English

allophonic distribution

the set of distinct phonetic environments in which variants of a phoneme occur

complementary distribution

two phonetically similar segments that never occur in the same environment.

minimal pairs

defined as two phonetic forms that differ by one contrasting segment that are in the same environment in both forms, and which have different meanings.

Example: [daje] 'to change' and [doje] 'to split' --both are back vowels

near-minimal pairs

defined as two phonetic forms that have one contrasting segment in nearly identical environments, and which have different meanings.

Example: [toja] 'stll' and [dojaʔ] 'shall split' both are stops but [dojaʔ] has a glottal at the end

natural classes

are groups of sounds that share a feature or features, or that pattern together in a sound system

Examples: voiceless stops and rounded vowels, place of articulation, manner of articulation

distinctive feature

in a language, a feature that is the source of phonemic contrasts

Example: fricatives [+continuant] are [p],[b], [t], [d] and Stops [-continuant] are [f], [v], [s], [z]

step 1 of how to determine manner features

1. Start by asking yourself if the sound is [+sonorant] or [-sonorant].

2. Is it [-consonantal] or [+consonantal]?

3. Is it [+syllabic] or [-syllabic]?

4. Is it [+continuant] or [-continuant]?

5. Is it [-nasal] or [+nasal]?

6. If [+sonorant, +consonantal, -nasal], is it [-lateral] or [+lateral]?

7. If [-sonorant, +consonantal, -continuant], is it [+DR] or [-DR] ([±delayed release])?

step 2 determining features -What is the laryngeal setting of the sound?

To determine the answer to this question, use the laryngeal features.

1. Is it [+voice] or [-voice]?

2. Is it [+CG] or [-CG] ([± constricted glottis])? This question is only relevant to [?]

3. Is it [+SG] or [-SG] ([±spread glottis])? In English, this question is only relevant to [h] and aspirated sounds.

Step 3 determining features - what is the place of articulation?

1. Which articulator is active in producing the sound?

2. If [LABIAL], is the sound [+round] or [-round]?

3. If [CORONAL], is the sound [+anterior] or [-anterior]? [+strident] or [-strident]

4.if [DORSAL], is the sound [+high] or [-high]?[+low] or [-low]? [+back] or [-back]

5. For vowels only—[+tense] or [-tense]? [+reduced] or [-reduced]?

syllabic

sounds that can act as a syllable nuclei

Example: vowels, syllabic liquids, syllabic nasals are [+syllabic] All other sounds a [ - syllabic]

continuant

sounds produced with free or nearly free airflow through the center of the oral cavity are [+continuant]

Examples: vowels, glides, liquids, and fricatives are [+continuant] All other sounds are [-continuant]

delayed release

ʧ is composed of a stop [t] a the fricative [ʃ] ---ʤ is composed of [d] a stop plus [ʒ] a fricative. In an affricative, the tongue is slower in releasing the stop portion of the affricative than when a stop is produced on its own. Hence, affriatives are said to be produced with delayed release [+delayed release]