Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Vocabulary

Flashcards for reviewing key vocabulary related to aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.

Carbonyl Compounds

Organic compounds having a carbonyl group (C=O). The carbonyl group is a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

Aldehyde Group

A monovalent group (-CHO) also known as a formyl group. The carbon atom in this group is of 1° nature.

Ketone Group

A ketonic group where the carbonyl group's valencies are satisfied by alkyl groups. The carbon atom in this group is of 2° nature.

Simple or Symmetrical Ketones

Ketones having two similar alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon.

Mixed or Unsymmetrical Ketones

Ketones having two different alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon.

Oxidation of Alcohols

Oxidation of primary alcohols using K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 or KMnO4 yields aldehydes, which are further oxidized to carboxylic acids.

Mild Oxidizing Agents

Mild oxidizing agents like CrO3/Pyridine (Collin's reagent) or P.C.C (Pyridinium chloro chromate) oxidize 1° alcohols to aldehydes and 2° alcohols to ketones.

Hydrolysis of gem-dihalides

Terminal gem-dihalides on hydrolysis yield aldehydes, while non-terminal gem-dihalides yield ketones.

Oxidation of diols

Vicinal diols get oxidized to form carbonyl compounds using periodic acid (HIO4) or lead tetraacetate ((CH3COO)4Pb).

Ozonolysis of alkenes

Alkenes undergo ozonolysis to form carbonyl compounds; this reaction is used to determine the position of the double bond.

Hydration of Alkynes

Alkynes are hydrated with dilute H2SO4 and HgSO4 to yield ketones (primarily) or aldehydes.

Hydroboration of Alkynes

Alkynes react with B2H6 or R2BH to give alkenyl dialkyl boranes, which upon oxidation and tautomerism yield aldehydes (from terminal alkynes) or ketones.

Rosenmund's Reduction

Acyl chlorides are reduced to aldehydes using H2 and Pd/BaSO4. BaSO4 controls further reduction to alcohols.

Stephen's Reduction/DIBAL-H Reduction

Nitriles are reduced to imines using SnCl2/HCl (Stephen's reduction) or DIBAL-H, followed by hydrolysis to yield aldehydes.

Oxidation of Methyl Benzene

Methyl benzenes are oxidized to benzaldehydes using CrO2Cl2 (Etard reaction) or CrO3 + (CH3CO)2O.

Gattermann-Koch Reaction

Benzene reacts with CO and HCl in the presence of AnhyAlCl3/CuCl to form benzaldehyde.

Reaction with Grignard's Reagent

Grignard reagents react with nitriles, followed by hydrolysis, to yield ketones.

Reaction with Dialkyl Cadmium

Acyl chlorides react with dialkyl cadmium (R'CdR') to yield ketones.

Friedel Crafts Acylation

Benzene reacts with acyl chlorides in the presence of AnhyAlCl3 to form ketones.

Polarity and Boiling Point

Aldehydes and ketones are polar due to the electronegativity difference between C and O, leading to dipole-dipole interactions and higher boiling points than alkanes.

Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

Due to strong electronegativity of oxygen, the mobile π electrons pulled strongly towards oxygen, leaving the carbon atom deficient of electrons. Carbon is thus readily attacked by Nu.

Aldol Condensation

Carbonyl compounds that contain α-H atoms undergo condensation with dil. NaOH to give aldol (Aldol contains both alcoholic and carbonyl group), which on heating in alkaline medium gets converted into α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound.

Haloform reaction

Compounds having (Z note have lone pair of electron) or can be convert in to this group by reagent gives haloform with base and halogen.

Cannizzaro's reaction

Aldehydes which do not contain α-H atom give this reaction, with conc. NaOH or KOH; Products are Salt of carboxylic acid + alcohol

Tollen's Reagent

Tollen's reagent (ammonical silver nitrate solution) oxidizes aldehydes, producing a silver mirror.

Fehling's Solution

Fehling's solution (aqueous CuSO4, NaOH, and sodium potassium tartrate) is reduced by aldehydes to give a red precipitate of cuprous oxide.

Schiff's reagent

Dilute solution of p-rosaniline hydrochloride or magenta dye, is a pink coloured dye and is known as schiff’ dye.

Carboxylic acid

Organic compounds having –COOH group are called Carboxylic acids.

ACID DERIVATIVES

Replacement of –OH group from a carboxylic group (–COOH) by a nucleophile like Cl¯ , CH3COO¯ , C2H5O¯ , NH2 – , forms acid derivatives.

ACID HALIDE (ACETYL CHLORIDE)

Replacement of —OH group from a —COOH group by Cl— atom gives acid chloride.

Organic compounds having –COOH group are called Carboxylic acids.

Organic compounds having –COOH group are called Carboxylic acids.