Organic Chemistry Chapter 2: Acids, Bases, and Electron Movement

What do Arrhenius acids donate to water?

Protons, resulting in H3O+ ions.

How do stronger Arrhenius acids compare to weaker ones?

Stronger acids dissociate to a greater degree than weaker acids.

What do Arrhenius bases produce in water?

Hydroxide ions.

What is a Brønsted-Lowry acid?

Any species that donates a proton.

What is a Brønsted-Lowry base?

Any species that can accept a proton.

What happens to a base when it accepts a proton?

It becomes a conjugate acid.

What happens to an acid when it donates a proton?

It becomes a conjugate base.

What is the relationship between conjugate acid-base pairs?

They differ only by a proton.

How is electron movement represented in organic chemistry?

Using curved arrows.

What do full-headed arrows represent?

The movement of electron pairs.

What does a stronger acid indicate about its conjugate base?

The conjugate base is weaker.

What is the relationship between acidity and Ka?

Stronger acids have greater Ka values.

What is pKa?

pKa = -log Ka, a measure of acid strength.

How does pKa relate to acid strength?

Stronger acids have lower pKa values.

What does pKb measure?

Basicity, similar to how pKa measures acidity.

What is the relationship between pKa and pKb?

pKa + pKb = 14.

What effect does electronegativity have on acidity?

Acidity increases with greater electronegativity of the bonded element.

How does anion size affect pKa?

Larger anions are more stable, making their conjugate acids stronger.

What is the inductive effect?

The enhancement of acidity by nearby electronegative atoms.

How does hybridization affect acidity?

The acidity of a proton is influenced by the hybridization state of the atom it is attached to.

What role does resonance play in acidity?

Resonance stabilizes the conjugate base, making the acid stronger.

What defines a Lewis acid?

A species that can accept a pair of electrons.

What defines a Lewis base?

A species that donates electrons to form a new bond.

What is a nucleophile?

A species that donates electrons to a nucleus with an empty orbital.

What is an electrophile?

A species that accepts a pair of electrons.

What happens in a Lewis acid-base reaction?

The nucleophile attacks the electrophile, forming a bond.

What is the relationship between acidity and basicity?

Stronger acids have weaker conjugate bases, and vice versa.

What is the significance of the pKa value for an acid?

It indicates the strength of the acid; lower pKa means stronger acid.

What is the effect of resonance on the stability of conjugate bases?

Resonance spreads the negative charge, stabilizing the conjugate base.