eyes and ears

pupil

central opening of the eye where light enters the central dark opening of the eye

concussion

brain injury that results from the brain smacking against the hard skull during a fall, a hit to the head, or a fast impact involving the whole body

s/s of a concussion

bigger pupils or asymmetrical pupils and reaction to light may be sluggish or very slow to respond

conjunctiva

membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids and covering over the eyeball

function of the conjunctiva

protects the eye from foreign objects and infection

sclera

fibrous layer under the conjunctive that covers the exterior of the eyeball to the optic nerve in the posterior of the eye “ The outer coat of the eyeball” 

inflamed conjunctiva

blood vessels dilate giving reddish appearance or may cause conjunctivitis (pink eye)

cornea

transparent fibrous tissue that extends over the dome over the pupil and iris of the eye

cornea function

bend/refract the light on the sensory receptors to the back of the eye (Avascular- no blood vessels)

functions of the sclera

gives nourishment to the cornea from its blood vessels

choroid

dark brown membrane inside the sclera, has many blood vessels that supply nutrient to the eye

ciliary body

surrounds the body of the lens

functions of the ciliary body

control the shape of the lens & secretes aqueous humor

Aqueous Humor Secretion

maintains eye shape and provides nourishment.

uvea of the eye consist

choroid, iris, and ciliary body

iris

colored portion of the eye (blue, green, hazel, brown) can change slightly when blood full changes) circular opening in the center which forms the pupils

iris function

muscle of the iris constricts in bright light and dilate in dim light- regulates the amount of light entering the eye

lens

transparent, biconvex which consist of two surfaces that rounded, elevated & curved evenly like a sphere body behind the pupil of the eye (bends light rays to bring them ti focus on the retina)

refraction

bending the light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluid of eye to bring the rays into the focus on the retina

accommodation

the refractory adjustment to focus on an object from far or near

vitreous humor

soft, jelly like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber (maintains shape)

retina

the thin delicate and sensitive layer of the eye- contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)

cones & rods 

light energy in the form of waves passes through the eye and is refracted (by the cornea, lebs, and fluids) so it can focus on the cells of the retina

cones

photoreceptor of the cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse (color and central vision)

rods

photoreceptors of the retina essential for vision in low light and for peripheral vision

optic nerve

activated by the cranial nerve impulses from the retina to the brain

optic disk

region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. Its a blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones (no light receptors)

macula

yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc; contains fovea centralis

fovea centralis

central depression area in the macula- sharpest vision due to being made up largely of cones

what happens when the fovea or the macula is damaged

vision is reduced and central vision blindness occurs

fundus of the eye

inside back surface of the eye (retina, macula, optic disc, fovea and blood vessels)

ophthalmoscope

an instrument for inspecting the fundus of the eye and other parts of the eye

visual field

entire area that can be seen when the eyes are focused on a single point

visual pathway from the retina to the visual cerebral cortex (occipital lobe of the brain)

objects in the left visual field are “seen” by the right side of the brain, where objects in the right visual field are “seen in the left side of the brain”

binocular vision

the brain takes the right and left vision of what is seen and produces a “single vision” sensation with the three-dimensional effects

hemianopsia

the loss of vision on the opposite side of the vision field

outer ear consists of

pinna (auricle), external auditory meatus, cerumen to protect it

pinna (auricle)

sound enters first here, which is the projecting part or flap of the ear

external auditory meatus (auditory canal)

the “ear canal” that leads from the pinna

cerumen

lines and protects the ear canal (earwax)

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

sounds travels through the auditory canal and hit the membrane (tympanic) located between the outer and middle ear

ossicles

contains malleus, incus, and stapes that conduct the sound waves through the middle ear from the vibrations

malleus

“hammer” or the mallet bone that transmit the vibrations from the eardrum to the incus

incus

receives vibrations from the malleus (connected laterally) and transmits these to the stapes medially

stapes

sounds vibrate to the bones flat base from there the vibration enters the inner ear where the info is transmitted and via the cochlear and processed by the brain

eustachian tube

canal leading from the middle ear to the pharynx

inner ear

sound reaches the inner ear by an oval window which separates the middle ear and inner ear

labyrinth

(inner ear) circular maze structure

cochlea

ear takes the sound or vibration and transmits it into a message or signal to the brain

perilymph and endolymph

fluid in the cochlea are how the vibrating sounds travel with in the cochlea

origin of corti

sensitive tiny hair cells that receive the vibration and relay the sound waves to the auditory nerve fibers

Auditory nerve fibers which end up in the auditory center of the cerebral cortex

where the impulses are interpreted as being “ heard “

vestibule

central cavity of the labyrinth, connecting the semicircular canals and the cochlea- helps maintain equilibrium with the saccule and utricle

aque/o

water

blephar/o

eyelid

conjunctive/o

conjunctiva

cor/o pupil/o

pupil

corne/o kerat/o

cornea

cycl/o

ciliary body or muscle of the eye

dacry/o lacrim/o

tears, tear duct

ir/o irid/o

iris (colored portion around the pupil)

ocul/o ophthalm/o

eye

opt/o optic/o -opia -opsia

vision, eye

palpebr/o

eyelid

papill/o

optic disc; nipple like

phac/o phak/o

lens of eyes

retin/o

retina

scler/o

sclera (white of the eye) : hard

uve/o

uvea: vascular layer of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid

vitre/o

glassy

ambly/o

dull/dim

dipl/o

double

mi/o

smaller, less

mydr/o

widen, enlarge

nyct/o

night

phot/o

light

presby/o

old age

scot/o

darkness

xer/o

dry

-tropia

to turn

acous/o

hearing

aur/o auricul/o ot/o

ear

mastoid/o

mastoid process

myring/o tympan/o

eardrum, tympanic membrane

ossicul/o

ossicule

salping/o

Eustachian tube , Auditory tube 

staped/o

stapes (3rd bone in ear)

vestibul/o

vestibule

-acusis

hearing

-meter

instrument to measure

-otia

ear condition

AMD

age-related macular degeneration

HEENT

head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat

IOP

intraocular pressure

OS

left eye

OU

both eyes

OD

right eye

PRK

 Photorefractive Keratectomy

 Photorefractive Keratectomy

laser beam flattens the top layer of the cornea to correct myopia 

AD

right ear