BS 182H(Honors Bio) flashcards

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11 Terms

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DNA

double-helix molecule composed of nucleotides (A, T, G, C). stores genetic info

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Chromosomes

Condensed DNA wrapped around histones; humans have 46 (23 pairs).

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Genes

Segments of DNA that code for proteins or RNAs.Alleles

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Alleles

Alternative versions of a gene (dominant, recessive, codominant, etc.).

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Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome joined at a centromere.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent.

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Transcription (DNA → RNA)

the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA for the purpose of gene expression.

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Translation

RNA → Protein

  • Occurs at ribosomes.

  • Codons (3-base sequences) specify amino acids.

  • tRNA anticodons pair with codons.

  • Start codon: AUG (methionine). Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA.

  • Polypeptide folds into functional protein.

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Meiosis I

Homologous chromosomes separate (reduction division)

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Meiosis II

Sister chromatids separate (like mitosis).

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Independent Assortment

Random distribution of maternal/paternal chromosomes.