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DNA
double-helix molecule composed of nucleotides (A, T, G, C). stores genetic info
Chromosomes
Condensed DNA wrapped around histones; humans have 46 (23 pairs).
Genes
Segments of DNA that code for proteins or RNAs.Alleles
Alleles
Alternative versions of a gene (dominant, recessive, codominant, etc.).
Sister Chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome joined at a centromere.
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosome pairs, one from each parent.
Transcription (DNA → RNA)
the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA for the purpose of gene expression.
Translation
RNA → Protein
Occurs at ribosomes.
Codons (3-base sequences) specify amino acids.
tRNA anticodons pair with codons.
Start codon: AUG (methionine). Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA.
Polypeptide folds into functional protein.
Meiosis I
Homologous chromosomes separate (reduction division)
Meiosis II
Sister chromatids separate (like mitosis).
Independent Assortment
Random distribution of maternal/paternal chromosomes.