bio 163 chapter module 3

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

The cardiovascular system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products; helps regulate body temperature; and plays a role in immune defense.

What is the composition of blood?

Blood consists of plasma (liquid component) and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).

What is hematopoiesis?

Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation, which occurs in the bone marrow.

What are the functions of red blood cells and hemoglobin?

Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs; hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What are the types and functions of lymphocytes?

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell and include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells, involved in immune responses.

What is hemostasis?

Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding, which involves vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

What is ABO and Rh blood typing?

ABO blood typing classifies blood based on the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cell surfaces; Rh typing determines the presence of the Rh factor.

What are the layers of the heart?

The heart has three layers: the epicardium (outer layer), myocardium (muscle layer), and endocardium (inner lining).

What is the pathway of blood through the heart?

Blood flows from the body into the right atrium, through the right ventricle to the lungs, back to the left atrium, and into the left ventricle, then out to the body.

What is systemic and pulmonary circulation?

Systemic circulation distributes oxygenated blood to the body, while pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

What controls heart rate?

Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and influenced by hormones and physical activity.

What is the cardiac conduction system?

The cardiac conduction system controls the heart’s rhythm, involving structures like the SA node, AV node, and Purkinje fibers.

What is the cardiac cycle?

The cardiac cycle encompasses the sequence of events that occur during one heartbeat, including contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle.

What does an EKG show?

An EKG (electrocardiogram) displays the electrical activity of the heart and can identify rhythm and heart conditions.

What is cardiac output?

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as stroke volume times heart rate.

What are the tunics of a generalized blood vessel?

The three tunics are the tunica intima (inner layer), tunica media (middle layer), and tunica externa (outer layer).

What are the different types of blood vessels?

The main types are arteries, veins, and capillaries, each with distinct structures and functions.

What are the mechanisms of venous return?

Venous return mechanisms include the skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, and venous valves that prevent backflow.

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Mean arterial pressure is the average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle, crucial for understanding blood flow.

What is lymph and its composition?

Lymph is a clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system, consisting of water, proteins, and white blood cells.

What are lacteals?

Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels that absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestines.

What are the primary and secondary organs of the lymphatic system?

Primary organs include bone marrow and thymus; secondary organs include lymph nodes and spleen, involved in immune responses.

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense, non-specific; adaptive immunity provides specific responses and memory.

What are the mechanisms of innate immunity?

Innate immunity includes physical barriers (skin), chemical mediators (cytokines), and immune cells (phagocytes).

What are the signs of inflammation?

The signs of inflammation include redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

What is the life cycle of B and T cells?

B and T cells originate in the bone marrow; B cells mature in bone marrow and T cells in the thymus, then migrate to lymphoid tissues.

What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?

MHC molecules present antigens to T cells, divided into Class I (on all nucleated cells) and Class II (on antigen-presenting cells).

What is the role of T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells?

T helper cells assist in activating B cells and other immune cells; T cytotoxic cells directly kill infected or cancerous cells.

What are the types of antibodies and their functions?

Antibodies (immunoglobulins) include IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD, each with specific roles in immune response.

What are primary and secondary immune responses?

Primary responses occur after the first exposure to an antigen; secondary responses are quicker and stronger upon re-exposure.

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Active immunity results from exposure to an antigen or vaccination; passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies.