Motor performance skills

____ is defined as an increase in size that can be physically measured

Growth

_____ is the sequential change that occurs as an individual gains functional skills

development

during ____ development centers on the infant coordinatig new motor skills

infancy

The repertoire of movement patterns expands greatly from ___ reflexes to ____ to goal directed

• primitive

• voluntary

_________ is when children become increasingly independent and develop a sense of individuality

early childhood

during ______ children spend the majority of their time in educational settings

middle childhood

_________ is the period of physical and psychological development that accompanies the onset of puberty

adolescence

using large groups of muscles to sit, stand, walk, run; keeping balance and changing positions

gross motor development

using hands and fingers to be able to eat, draw, dress, play, write and do many other things

fine motor development

speaking, using body language and gestures, communicating and understanding what others say

speech and language development

thinking skills including learning, understanding, problem solving, reasoning and remembering

cognitive thinking development

interacting with others, having relationships with family, friends, and teachers, cooperating and responding to the feelings of others

social and emotional development

example:

an infant gains head control before he can lift himself on his forearms, before he can roll over, and before he can sit

cephalo —> caudal

example:

a child has not yet established the ability to sit without hand support, therefore the child uses one foot to remove his shoe from the opposite foot as he is using his hands to sit upright and not be able to use his hands to take off his shoes

proximal —> distal

example:

an infant waves his arms around, before becoming able to control that movement to more purposefully bat at a toy and eventually then pick up and manipulate the toy

gross motor control —> fine motor control

as occupational therapy practitioners, we recognize the influence of the context of _______ factors and the context of __________ factors

• personal

• environmental

the ___ sensory system is the first to develop and the most functional at birth

tactile

these ___ and _____ sensory systems are the least mature at birth

• auditory

• visual

tactile, vestibular, and proprioceptive input are important from birth as ________ is developed

body schema

vestibular, proprioceptive, and visual systems lay the foundation for ______ as they become integrated

postural control

reflexes should become ______ as the child grows and adapts to their environment

integrated

if primitive reflexes are not ____, then there can be a major impact on the child’s movement and occupational participation

integrated

rooting reflex position

supine or while held by caregiver

rooting reflex action observed

turns head when touched on cheek

rooting reflex importance to motor development

allows infant to search for an locate food

moto reflex position

supine or while head by caregiver

moro reflex action observed

following sudden change in head position or in response to loud noise or sudden visual input in older child, arms extend out and infant cries

moro reflex importance to motor developmen

startle response for protection; beginning of postural balance reflexes

asymmetric tonic neck reflex position

supine

asymmetric tonic neck reflex action observed

when head turns to one side, arm extends on side head is turned and opposite arm flexes

asymmetric tonic neck reflex importance to motor development

provides opportunity to develop reach and visual fixation on objects

symmetric tonic neck reflex position

quadruped or crawling position

symmetric tonic neck reflex action observed

flexion of head causes arms to bend and legs to extend; extension of head causes legs to flex and arms to extend

symmetric tonic neck reflex importance for motor development

promotes hip and shoulder in preparation for against gravity movement; must be integrated for crawling on all fours

postural control is the process of developing _____ for increased ______

• stability

• mobility

postural responses to changes in head and/or body positions to keep head and bosy in upright position and trunk in alignment

righting reactions

the body’s compensatory movement response to the slow tilt of the body to maintain the center of gravity over the base of support; reactions occur from supine or trunk

equilibrium reactions

postural reactions used to stop a fall or prevent injury when equilibrium reactions fail to do so

protective extension responses

examples of gross motor development

• walking

• sitting

• running

• jumping

• climbing

• riding a bike

examples of fine motor development

• cutting with scissors

• drawing

• buttoning

• writing

• playing with small blocks and toys

• arts and crafts

stability and mobility are reflexive; stability dependent on position and movement is random

primitive motor development

emerging dissociation during volitional movement as increasing postural control provides stability

transitional motor development

skilled (efficient and controlled) movements during complex daily activities

mature motor development

prone/supine head control timeframe expected

birth to 2 months

prone/supine head control type of movement

postural

prone/supine head control importance of positioning

• prone: weightbearing through arms; support for upright position; visual skills

• supine: flexion of shoulders, abdominals, hips; halance between flexion and extension in antigravity position

rolling timeframe expected

3 to 5 months

rolling type of movement

ambulatory

rolling importance of positioning

can be only means of independent locomotion

promotes more developmentally complex movement via spatial awareness, laterality, and tactile experience

sitting timeframe expected

6 to 8 months

sitting type of movement

postural

sitting importance of positioning

• increased righting and equilibrium - increased postural control in upright position

• begins with forward propping but hands eventually become free to manipulate objects

crawling timeframe expected

9 to 11 months

crawing type of movement

ambulatory

crawling importance of positioning

• allows for increased exploration and reciprocal leg pattern for walking

• weightbearing through arms allows for arm co contraction for hand function

walking timeframe expected

12 to 15 months

walking type of movement

ambulatory

walking importance of positioning

• progression from stepping reflex

• to pulling to stand

• to cruising along furniture to eventually walking allows increased independence with locomotion and exploration during play

visual regard for objects and moves arms timeframe expected

1 to 2 months

involuntary release timeframe expected

1 to 4 months

accurate reaching timeframe expected

3 to 5 months

palmar grasp timeframe expected

4 to 6 months

radial digital grasp timeframe expected

8 months

transfer objects between hands timeframe expected

4 to 8 months

pincer grasp timeframe expected

9 to 12 months

precise release into small container timeframe expected

12 to 18 months

palmar supinate grasp timeframe expected

1 to 1.5 years

finger to palm translation timeframe expected

1.5 to 2 years

digital pronate grasp

2 to 3 years

palm to finger translation timeframe expected

2 to 3 years

complex rotation of small objects timeframe expected

2 to 3 years

static tripod grasp timeframe expected

3.5 to 4 years

dynamic tripod grasp timeframe expected

4.5 to 6 years