G10 4Q CI: Sir's PPT and Extra Terms

Innate or Natural Rights

Rights that are inherent for all, such as the right to life, liberty, and privacy

Constitutional Rights

Rights mandated by law that are granted and protected by the Constitution; can be amended or changed through constitutional amendments

Statutory Rights

Rights mandated by law that are ratified by Congress or lawmakers; they can't be removed or undone

Civil Liberties/Rights

Rights that are innate and not created by law but are preserved by law

Political Rights

Rights to vote, participate in political processes to decide the country's leadership and governance, and to hold public office

Economic Rights

The freedom to choose and pursue one's livelihood, business, and a decent lifestyle according to one's desired or preferred career

Sociocultural Rights

The freedom to participate in living out one's beliefs, and continuing and enhancing one's own traditions and customs

Rights of the Accused

Found on Sections 11-22 of Article III's Bill of Rights, they protect people accused of any transgression of the law

Special Rights

Rights mandated for people prone to abuse such as Children's Rights, Women's Rights, and the Rights of people with disabilities

RA 9262

"Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004"; deals with violence against women and children

Procedural Due Process

The aspect of due process of law which refers to the manner or method by which the law is enforced ("Was there a procedure of arrest?")

Substantial Due Process

The aspect of due process of law which refers to the enforced law being fair, reasonable, and just ("Is there a law justifying the arrest?")

Equal Protection Clause

States that all people under like circumstances and conditions, both in the privileges conferred and liabilities, should be treated as equals in a court of law

Probable Cause

Facts and circumstances sufficient to induce a cautious man to believe that a crime might have been committed

Beyond Reasonable Doubt

The legal burden of proof required to affirm a conviction in a criminal case

Search Warrant

An order in writing issued by the court commanding a peace officer to search for certain personal property.

Arrest Warrant

An order in writing issued by the court commanding a peace officer to arrest a person

Private Communication

Refers to communication between individuals that is intended to be private, such as conversations between two people or messages sent between individuals

Clear and Present Danger Rule

Abridgment of the freedom of speech or expression can be justified only where there exists substantial danger that the speech will likely lead to an evil which the government has the right to prevent

Sedition

Comments/statements that can incite rebellion against the government

Libel

A public and malicious imputation of a crime, or a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to blacken the memory of the dead.

Oral Defamation/Slander

Libel committed by oral (spoken) means, instead of in writing

Section 12

The Miranda Rights/Doctrine

Bail

Security required by a court & given for the temporary release of a person under the custody of the law

Reclusion Perpetua

Imprisonment for 20 years or more

Arraignment

A copy of the complaint that is being read in the language or dialect known to him, asking him whether he pleads guilty or not guilty

Subpoena

An order that may be issued by the court to compel the attendance of witnesses in order to testify on behalf of the accused

Writ of Habeas Corpus

A court order directing a person detaining another, commanding him to produce the body of the prisoner and show sufficient cause for holding in custody the person detained

Section 17

Right against Self-Incrimination

Involuntary Servitude

A compulsory service of one to another

Heinous Crimes

Offenses that are exceedingly bad or evil or those committed with extreme cruelty as to shock the general moral sense such as rape, parricide, murder

Double Jeopardy

When a person is charged with an offense and the case is terminated by acquittal or conviction and will be charged again with the same offense

Estafa

Criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain

Freedom of Speech

Supports the freedom of an individual or community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear

Freedom of Expression

Right to express beliefs and convictions and to participate in events aligned with these beliefs

Freedom of the Press

Right of journalists, media organizations, and news outlets to report and publish information without censorship or government control

Right to Privacy

Protects individuals from unauthorized intrusion into their personal lives, communications, and information

Right to Property

Allows individuals and groups to own, use, control, and dispose of possessions legally without unjust interference