Biology test for everything we learned

Metabolism

Metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body. The energy required for survival

Atom

An atom is a small, charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in orbits.

The 3 particles

proton, neutron, electron

Something not all organisms do

They don’t need to eat, need sunlight, or need to drink but every living thing requires energy to fuel chemical reactions in the body for survival.

Homeostasis

regulation of internal environment despite external conditions

How is sweating an example of homeostasis

releases heat when warm through evaporation

Cells

All living organisms have cells

Evolution and Adaptation

the change in inherited characteristics over time

Heredity

The passing of traits to offspring

Reproduction

All living organisms can produce a new organism of the same type

Atom

Smallest Unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means

Elements

A pure substance made of only one type of atom

Compound

A substance made of the joined atoms of two or more different elements

Molecule

A substance made of the joined atoms of two or more of the same elements

Covalent bond

Equal sharing of electrons. Formed between 2 non-metals

Ionic bond

Electrons are transferred (gained or lost). Formed between non-metals and metals.

Hydrogen bond

an attraction between two water different water molecules

S

P

C

A

C

S

D

Storage of Energy

Polarity

Cohesion

Adhesion

Capillary Action

Surface Tension

Density

Storage of Energy

Specific Heat- water has a high capacity to absorb and retain heat
Heat of Vaporization- The heat absorbed when water changes from a liquid to a vapor (needed for water to evaporate)
Heat of Fusion- The heat released when liquid water freezes to ice (needed for water to freeze)

Polarity

Molecules having uneven distribution of charges

Cohesion

The tendency of alike molecules to stick together

Adhesion

The tendency of different molecules to attract each other

Capillary Action

The ability of a liquid to flow against gravity in a narrow space

Surface Tension

The forces required to break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension which doesn't break easily

Density

Water has a greater density as a liquid than a solid.

Acids

Compounds that form when hydrogen ions (H+) are dissolved in water

Bases are

Compounds that reduce the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) in solutions

Neutral

The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) ions and hydroxide ions (OH-) are comparable (equal)

Building blocks for carbohydrates

Monosaccrids

Lipids

Consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms, sometimes oxygen atoms.

• Phospholipids

• Fats

• Steroids

• Waxes

Phospolipids

Form the plasma and organelle membranes of the cell

Saturated Fats

Each carbon is bonded with two or three hydrogen atoms

The molecule is straight

Unsaturated Fats

Each carbon is bonded to two or three hydrogen atoms

Not a straight molecule, because of polar covalent bonds

Proteins functions

1. Cell structure - proteins provide structure of the cell, making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells 

2. Animal structures - hair, nails, muscles (contractions) 

3. Cell function - help determine which substances enter or exit the cell 

4. *** Enzymes - help carry out specific chemical reactions.  WIthout enzymes, many reactions would not occur quickly enough to support life 

Proteins are built from

Amino Acids

Do lipids have building blocks

No

Proteins are also called

polypeptides

Amino acids join a peptide by

Dehydration Synthesis

Peptide bonds are

Covalent bonds

One or more polypeptides, folded into a 3D structure, make up a

protein

Lipids are good at

storing energy

How do fats provide energy

Fats created energy after the carbohydrates are all used

Carbohydrates Are

Covalently bonded to H,O and other carbon atoms

What makes up all of life

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates have a ratio of

1:2:1 - carbon:hydrogen:oxygen

Carbohydrates Function Is To

•  provide and store energy 

Glucose is the

simplest form of carbohydrates is made up of a monosaccharide

its form is  C₆H₁₂O₆  

Disaccharides

Made of two monosaccharides, in a double ring formation

Polysaccharides

• Many sugars joined together - 3 or more 

• Interchangeable with macromolecules 

Starch

Polysaccharides, created by plants to store energy, Long, straight chains of glucose

Glycogen

Starch for humans,

• Broken down into glucose when energy is required 

Highly branched links of glucose (NOT straight like starch) 

 Cellulose

• Structural carbohydrate that makes up plant cells walls 

• Functions to strengthen and support the plant cell 

Macromolecules 

 

• A large molecule made up of smaller molecules 

• Macromolecules = polymers 

Stores energy

Dehydration synthesis 

• Joins monomers together to form large polymers 

• You lose water to create something 

• Dehydration = lose water 

• Synthesis = build, make, create 

Hydrolysis reactions

• Breakdown polymers into smaller molecules

• Hydro = water 

• Lysis = to break down 

The reverse of dehydration synthesis

Different functions for carbohydrates

1. Cellular respiration- carbohydrates are disgested to glucose, which enters cells to be used in cellular respiration 

2. Energy storage - glycogen and starch store energy 

3. Structure - cellulose strengthens plant cell walls 

What is the building block for DNA and RNA

Nucleotides

What are the components of nucleotides

1. A phosphate group

2. A 5-carbon sugar

3. A nitrogenous base

The 4 bases of nucleotides are

1. Adenine (A)

2. Cytosine (C)

3. Guanine (G)

4. Thymine (T)

When is Thymine found in

In the DNA, it changes to Uracil in RNA

Bonding Nucleic Acids

• Backbone is made of a phosphate group and sugar covalently bonded 

• The backbone is formed by dehydration synthesis: 

  • Combining substances and losing a water molecule

Hydrogen bonds between molecules

• The bases form hydrogen bonds with other complementary nucleotides

• Hydrogen bonding between two DNA strands forms the double helix shape

  • Strands must be complimentary: 

    • A-T (adenine and thymine)

    • G-C (guanine and cytosine)

• These bonds are easily broken and reformed

DNA

• Deoxyribonucleic acid 

• Sugar - dexyribose

• Structure - double helix

• Nucleotides - cytosine, thymine, adenine, guanine 

• Found in chromonsomes and stores hereditary information

RNA 

• Ribonucleic acid 

• Sugar - ribose

• Structure - single strand

• Nucleotides - cytosine, uracil, adenine, and guanine 

• Helps produce proteins and acts as an enzyme 

  • Linking amino acids to form proteins)

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

A single nucleotide with two extra energy-storing phosphate groups

Used to temporarily store energy released during the breakdown of food 

The energy will be used in chemical reactions

Cells need ATP to survive 

Amino Acids are bonded by

Peptide Bonds

Which line is the enzyme

Lower line, because it reduces the amount of energy.

Is a substrate part of a enzyme

No, its like lactose and surcose.

Active Sites

Are deep folds on the surface of the enzyme where the substrate fits

Activation energy

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Catalysts

Speed up chemical reactions without being changed

How do enzymes increase the speed of chemical reactions

By reducing the amount of activation energy

Denatured

The process when enzymes become inactive because its shape is altered.

When do enzymes work best

When they have a certain pH and temperature.

Saturation Point

When all the enzymes have their active sites filled up. So the only way to speed it up is to have more enzymes.

The effect of pH on enzymes

• Extreme pH levels will produce denaturation

• The structure of the enzyme is changed 

• The active site is distorted and the substrate molecules will no longer fit in it

The effect of temperature on enzymes

Only happens in high temperatures

• High temperatures proteins denature

• Outside of the optimal temperature the active site is distorted and the substrate molecules will no longer fit in it