1.3 organic molecules in living organisms

what is found in all organic molecules and forms a wide range of different compounds

carbon

what does every compound contain

2 or more carbon atoms

a carbon atom can form how many covalent bonds

4

wha forms all the basic molecules for all life

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

what is the most abundant group of biological molecule

carbohydrates

what elements do carbohydrates contain

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what elements do lipids contain

CHO but much less oxygen and with small amounts of other elements like phosphorus

what elements are proteins made up of

nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and other elements

what elements do nucleic acids contain

nitrogen and phosphorus

what role does carbohydrates play in animals

source of energy

what role does carbohydrates play in plants

source of energy and structural function

a single sugar that cannot be hydrolysed

monosaccharide

molecule composed of 2 monosaccharide molecules linked in a condensation reaction

disaccharide

large carbohydrate formed by condensation reactions between large numbers of monosaccharides

polysaccharides

what is built up of units called amino acids

proteins

what part of the amino acids give each one its own properties

the R group

what is the simplist amino acid

glycine

out of 100, how many naturally occurring amino acids are used in the bodies of living things

20

amino acids bond together in condensation reactions and form what

polypeptide chains

fats, oils, waxes, steroids

lipids

what are lipids

organic compounds that are insoluble in water but dissolve in organic solvents

an important role of lipids in living organisms

energy storage

solid lipids =

liquid lipids =

fat, oil

lipids contain _x the amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates

2

examples of steroids

vitamin d and cholesterol

small molecule that can bond to other similar small molecules, to make up repeating chains that form large polymers

monomer

large, complex molecule built up of a series of monomers, formed by condensation reactions in a process called polymerisation

polymers

found in all living cells and viruses

nucleic acids

2 types of nucleic acids found in cells

deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA)

where is the DNA found

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts of eukaryotes

where is RNA found

the cytoplasm

condensation reaction of a carbohydrate

amino acid structure

2 molecules joined together by strong covalent bonds to form a larger molecule and water is released

condensation reaction

a reaction which builds up large molecules from smaller ones

anabolic reaction

what does each condensation reactions require

an enzyme to catalyze the process

monosaccharide + monosaccharide =

disaccharide

amino acid + amino acid =

dipeptide + water

when more than 2 amino acids are joined they form a

polypeptide

glyceride + 3 fatty acids =

triglyceride lipid + water

what are large polymers that are essential to all forms of living organisms?

nucleic acids

_ are the building blocks of DNA

Nucleotides

DNA structure (make sure u can draw it bitch)

the 4 bases of DNA

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

4 bases of RNA

cytosine, guanine, uracil, adenine

3 parts of a DNA nucleotide

phosphate group, pentose sugar, base

the backbone of DNA and RNA molecules

sugar nd phosphate groups

break down polymers into smaller units

hydrolysis reactions

reverse of condensation reactions

hydrolysis reactions

3 important functional groups in living organisms

carboxyl group, amine, phosphate

a functional group that binds to larger molecules and gives them specific properties

carboxyl group

carboxyl group

-COOH

a group of atoms that has similar chemical properties in every compound in which it appears

functional group

relating to a molecule in which the distribution of electrons is not even

polar

every amino acid contains…

a carboxyl group and an amino group

functional groups that contain a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons in their outer cell

amines

ion that contains one phosphorus and 4 oxygen atoms

phosphate

molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different molecular shapes.

isomers

2 major classes of isomers

structural isomers and stereoisomers