Chapter 2: Workforce Safety and Wellness

acute stress reactions

"Reactions to stress that occur during a traumatic situation."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

aerosol-generating procedure

"Treatments that increase the risk for transmission of infections that are spread through the air or by droplets; CPR is an example."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

airborne transmission

"The spread of an organism via droplets or dust."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

bloodborne pathogens

"Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

burnout

"A combination of exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced performance resulting from long-term job stresses in health care and other high-stress professions."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

"The primary federal agency that conducts and supports public health activities in the United States. The CDC is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

communicable disease

"A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

compassion fatigue

"A stress disorder characterized by gradual lessening of compassion over time."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

concealment

"The use of objects to limit a person's ability to see you."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

contamination

"The presence of infectious organisms on or in objects such as dressings, water, food, needles, wounds, or a patient's body."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

cover

"The tactical use of an impenetrable barrier for protection."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

critical incident stress management (CISM)

"A process that confronts the responses to critical incidents and defuses them, directing the emergency services personnel toward physical and emotional equilibrium."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

cumulative stress reactions

"Prolonged or excessive stress."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

delayed stress reactions

"Reactions to stress that occur after a stressful situation."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

designated officer

"The individual in the department who is charged with the responsibility of managing exposures and infection control issues."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

direct contact

"Exposure or transmission of a communicable disease from one person to another by physical contact."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

distress

"A negative response to a stressor."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

eustress

"A beneficial response to a stressor.

"

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

exposure

"A situation in which a person has had contact with blood, body fluids, tissues, or airborne particles in a manner that suggests disease transmission may occur."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

foodborne transmission

"The contamination of food or water with an organism than can cause disease."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

general adaptation syndrome

"The body's response to stress that begins with an alarm response, followed by a stage of reaction and resistance, and then recovery or, if the stress is prolonged, exhaustion."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

hepatitis

"Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a viral infection, that causes fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and altered liver function."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

host

"The organism or individual that is attacked by the infecting agent."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

"human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)"

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, which damages the cells in the body's immune system so that the body is unable to fight infection or certain cancers."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

immune

"The body's ability to protect itself from acquiring a disease."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

indirect contact

"Exposure or transmission of disease from one person to another by contact with a contaminated object."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

infection

"The abnormal invasion of a host or host tissues by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites, with or without signs or symptoms of disease."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

infection control

"Procedures to reduce transmission of infection among patients and health care personnel."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

infectious disease

"A medical condition caused by the growth and spread of small, harmful organisms within the body."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

"The federal regulatory compliance agency that develops, publishes, and enforces guidelines concerning safety in the workplace."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

pathogen

"A microorganism that is capable of causing disease in a susceptible host."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

personal protective equipment (PPE)

"Protective equipment that blocks exposure to a pathogen or a hazardous material."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

"A delayed stress reaction to a prior incident. Often the result of one or more unresolved issues concerning the incident, and may relate to an incident that involved physical harm or the threat of physical harm."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

resilience

"The capacity of an individual to cope with and recover from distress."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

standard precautions

"Protective measures that have traditionally been developed by the CDC for use in dealing with objects, blood, body fluids, and other potential exposure risks of communicable disease."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

transmission

"The way in which an infectious disease is spread: contact, airborne, by vehicles, or by vectors.

"

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

vector-borne transmission

"The use of an animal to spread an organism from one person or place to another."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

wellness

"The active pursuit of a state of good health."

Excerpt From: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Academy;. "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured Advantage Package." Apple Books.

Q: What are the steps that contribute to wellness and resilience, and why are they important in managing stress?

A. Exercise, healthy diet, and positive thinking; important for physical fitness

B. Regular exercise, adequate sleep, healthy diet, and mindfulness; important for managing stress and overall well-being

C. Eating well, socializing, and resting; important for maintaining relationships

D. Taking vitamins, meditating, and sleeping; important for mental clarity

B. Regular exercise, adequate sleep, healthy diet, and mindfulness; important for managing stress and overall well-being

Q: What is the difference between an infectious disease and a communicable disease?

A. Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, while communicable diseases are caused by viruses

B. Infectious diseases are not transmissible, while communicable diseases are transmissible

C. Infectious diseases can be spread by air, while communicable diseases are only spread by contact

D. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, while communicable diseases are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from person to person

D. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, while communicable diseases are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from person to person

Q: What are the risks and hazards of sleep deprivation in EMS?

A. Increased patient satisfaction and better decision-making

B. Improved memory retention and enhanced physical performance

C. Increased risk of errors, impaired cognitive function, and higher likelihood of accidents

D. Decreased need for breaks and higher alertness

C. Increased risk of errors, impaired cognitive function, and higher likelihood of accidents

Q: What are the routes of disease transmission?

A. Airborne, waterborne, vector-borne, and foodborne

B. Contact, droplet, airborne, vector-borne, and indirect contact

C. Direct touch, taste, smell, and sight

D. Physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual

B. Contact, droplet, airborne, vector-borne, and indirect contact

Q: What are the specific routes of transmission and steps to prevent exposure to hepatitis, tuberculosis, or HIV/AIDS?

A. Airborne and droplet; using face masks and hand sanitizers

B. Vector-borne and foodborne; using insect repellent and proper food handling

C. Contact and droplet; using gloves, masks, proper handwashing, and avoiding needle sticks

D. Emotional and spiritual; providing counseling and support

C. Contact and droplet; using gloves, masks, proper handwashing, and avoiding needle sticks

Q: What standard precautions are used in treating patients to prevent infection?

A. Handwashing, wearing gloves, using masks, and sterilizing equipment

B. Eating healthy, exercising, and staying hydrated

C. Isolating the patient and limiting contact

D. Wearing casual clothes and using hand sanitizers

A. Handwashing, wearing gloves, using masks, and sterilizing equipment

Q: What steps should be taken for personal protection from airborne and bloodborne pathogens?

A. Avoiding contact with patients, staying home, and using air purifiers

B. Using gloves, masks, eye protection, gowns, and practicing proper hand hygiene

C. Taking antibiotics and staying vaccinated

D. Wearing comfortable clothing and taking breaks

B. Using gloves, masks, eye protection, gowns, and practicing proper hand hygiene

Q: What are the proper handwashing techniques?

A. Using cold water and drying hands with a towel

B. Using soap and water, scrubbing for at least 20 seconds, rinsing thoroughly, and drying with a clean towel or air dryer

C. Applying hand sanitizer for 5 seconds

D. Rinsing hands quickly under running water

B. Using soap and water, scrubbing for at least 20 seconds, rinsing thoroughly, and drying with a clean towel or air dryer

Q: How is immunity to infectious diseases acquired?

A. Through exercise and a healthy diet

B. Through vaccination, previous infection, or maternal antibodies

C. Through taking vitamins and supplements

D. Through avoiding all contact with infected individuals

B. Through vaccination, previous infection, or maternal antibodies

Q: What steps are included in postexposure management of exposure to patient blood or body fluids?

A. Ignoring the exposure and continuing work

B. Immediately washing the exposed area, reporting the exposure, seeking medical evaluation, and completing a postexposure report

C. Taking antibiotics and resting

D. Disinfecting the work area and disposing of contaminated materials

B. Immediately washing the exposed area, reporting the exposure, seeking medical evaluation, and completing a postexposure report

Q: What steps are necessary to determine scene safety and prevent work-related injuries at the scene?

A. Quickly entering the scene without assessment

B. Assessing the scene for hazards, using appropriate PPE, and following protocols for hazardous materials

C. Ignoring potential hazards and focusing on patient care

D. Delegating safety assessment to another team member

B. Assessing the scene for hazards, using appropriate PPE, and following protocols for hazardous materials

Q: What are the different types of protective clothing worn to prevent injury?

A. Casual wear and comfortable shoes

B. Standard uniforms only

C. Gloves, masks, gowns, eye protection, helmets, and turnout gear

D. Lab coats and sandals

C. Gloves, masks, gowns, eye protection, helmets, and turnout gear

Q: What issues are involved in the care of the dying patient, death, and the grieving process of family members?

A. Providing technical support and focusing on documentation

B. Offering emotional support, clear communication, and respecting cultural and personal beliefs

C. Minimizing contact and avoiding emotional involvement

D. Ignoring family members and focusing solely on the patient

B. Offering emotional support, clear communication, and respecting cultural and personal beliefs

Q: What are the physiologic, physical, and psychological responses to stress?

A. Increased energy, improved mood, and heightened alertness

B. Fatigue, anxiety, depression, increased heart rate, and muscle tension

C. Weight gain, overeating, and excessive sleep

D. Enhanced memory, calmness, and relaxation

B. Fatigue, anxiety, depression, increased heart rate, and muscle tension

Q: What are the emotional aspects of emergency care?

A. Avoiding patient interactions and focusing on procedures

B. Managing one's own emotions, providing compassionate care, and supporting patients and families emotionally

C. Ignoring emotions and maintaining a strictly professional demeanor

D. Delegating emotional care to family members

B. Managing one's own emotions, providing compassionate care, and supporting patients and families emotionally

Q: What stress is inherent in many situations, such as mass-casualty scenes?

A. Physical exertion and fatigue

B. Emotional strain, decision-making pressure, and potential exposure to traumatic events

C. Increased financial responsibility

D. Minimal stress due to team support

B. Emotional strain, decision-making pressure, and potential exposure to traumatic events

Q: How should you recognize and respond to the possibility of violent situations?

A. Ignoring potential threats and continuing care

B. Assessing the scene for danger, maintaining a safe distance, and requesting law enforcement if necessary

C. Confronting the aggressor directly

D. Providing care without considering personal safety

B. Assessing the scene for danger, maintaining a safe distance, and requesting law enforcement if necessary