history exam

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across North America.

Missouri Compromise

Allowed Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; banned slavery north of 36°30′ in the Louisiana Territory.

Compromise of 1850

California entered as a free state; stronger Fugitive Slave Act passed; popular sovereignty used in Utah and New Mexico.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed settlers to vote on slavery through popular sovereignty, repealing the Missouri Compromise line.

Bleeding Kansas

Violent conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in Kansas

First Bull Run

First major Civil War battle; showed the war would be long and difficult

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the Civil War; major Union victory.

Siege of Vicksburg

Union gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy.

Sherman's March

Union campaign destroying Southern infrastructure to weaken Confederate morale.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president who preserved the Union and issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed enslaved people in Confederate-controlled territory and allowed Black soldiers to join the Union Army

Reconstruction

Period after the Civil War focused on rebuilding the South and integrating formerly enslaved people into society.

Freedmen's Bureau

Federal agency providing education, food, medical care, and legal assistance to formerly enslaved people.

Radical Reconstruction

Congressional Reconstruction that imposed stricter requirements on Southern states and expanded civil rights for African Americans.

Ten-Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan allowing Confederate states to rejoin the Union after 10% of voters pledged loyalty.

Black Codes

Southern laws restricting the rights and freedoms of African Americans after the Civil War

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the South

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist group that used violence and intimidation against African Americans and their supporters

Sharecropping

Farming system where tenants rented land in exchange for a share of the crop, often trapping families in debt.

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved South during Reconstruction for political or economic opportunities.

Scalawags

White Southerners who supported Reconstruction and cooperated with the Republican Party.

Cotton Complex

Southern economy's dependence on cotton production and slave labor

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law

15th Amendment

Prohibited denying the right to vote based on race.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction by removing federal troops from the South, allowing Jim Crow laws to develop.