Biology exam

Gregor Mendel

Who discovered the fundamental principles of genetics using pea plant traits?

genotype

The two alleles of a gene/ the genetic makeup?

homozygous

An organism with the same two alleles for their genotype?

heterozygous

An organism with two different alleles for their genotype?

Dominant = AA recessive = aa

Homozygous genotype

Aa

Give an example of a heterozygous genotype.

phenotype

The physical description of a trait?

Homozygous dominant = AA

Heterozygous dominant = Aa

What two genotypes are dominant phenotypes?

aa

What genotype is a recessive phenotype?

Dominant

allele that is expressed if present in genotype

recessive

allele that is masked by dominant allele/ only expressed if both alleles recessive

AB

What blood type genotype is codominant?

P, F1, F2, F3

Put in order from oldest to youngest: F2, P, F1, F3

OO AO BO

What is the genotype for type O blood? For heterozygous type A or B?

Aa X aa Aa X Aa

Give all the possible genotypes of parents that are dominant for a trait but have children, some dominant and some recessive.

mutation

What is a sudden, random genetic change?

Charles Darwin

Who observed variations of organisms (mostly on the Galapagos Islands) as they change over time?

On the Origin of Species

What is the name of Darwin’s book?

Gene pool

The combined genetic alleles of all the members of a population?

An organism’s ability to survive and reproduce fertile offspring

Define fitness according to Darwin.

Organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Define species.

Homologous structures

Bone pairs that are similar in structure and show common ancestry?

Geologic Time Scale

What is the reference of all organisms/fossils records over the history of time?

Mesozoic Era

What era is the Age of Dinosaurs?

Cenozoic Era

Age of mammals?

200,000 years old

How old is primitive man?

Anaerobic Prokaryotes

What were the very first organisms? Were they aerobic or anaerobic?

Amino acids

The Miller-Urey experiment showed that life’s first compounds were?

RNA

First nucleic acid?

LaMarck

What scientist believed that organisms could gain or lose traits necessary over their lifetime and pass it on to offspring (even if it wasn’t a genetic trait)?

A genetic variation that allows for better fitness in the environment over time

Define adaptation.

Reproductive isolation

What must occur in order for speciation to occur?

A structure that is so small it no longer functions in the organs. The appendix

What is a vestigial organ? And give an example.

Behavioral

a different mating or courtship rituals

geographic

is a different physical environmental barriers

temporal

when mating happens during different seasons

The theory that smaller prokaryotes living inside of larger prokaryotes evolved over time into organelles inside larger cells

What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

Linnaeus and it is called binomial nomenclature

Which scientist developed our classification system used today? What is it called?

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

List the taxa in order from most general to most complex.

The study of the history of organisms evolutionary descent

What is phylogeny?

Autotrophs

produce their own food, plants.

Heterotrophs

consume other organisms for food, animals.

Adenosine triphosphate breaks the bond between the second and last phosphate, thus releasing energy.

What is the principle energy molecule? How is energy released from it?

What word refers to “with oxygen”?

“without oxygen”?

anaerobic

Glucose - C6H12O6

What food molecule is used for the cell to make energy?

Cellular respiration

What overall process uses the food molecule to make energy?

Every living organism.

Which organisms must use the process of cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 🡪 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

What is the overall formula for aerobic cellular respiration?

Glycolysis and pyruvic acid is produced

What process breaks down glucose in half? What molecule is produced from that process?

Cytoplasm

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

NAD+

What is the electron carrier used in glycolysis?

Two

How many NET overall ATP are produced by glycolysis?

Mitochondria

If oxygen is present, what organelle is used to continue the process of aerobic respiration?

Matrix

Where specifically in the cell does the Krebs cycle occur?

Pyruvic acid

What product of glycolysis is used in the Krebs cycle?

acetyl-CoA

What is pyruvic acid converted into in order to enter the Kreb’s cycle? (once bonded with Coenzyme A)

Bonded to oxygen to produce CO2 (carbon dioxide) and is expelled as waste to air

What happens to the carbons of acetyl-CoA in the Krebs cycle?

Citric acid

What 6 carbon molecule is created by acetyl and oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle?

FAD

What new carrier is need along with NAD+ for the Krebs cycle?

NADH & FADH2

What products of the Kreb cycle will move on to the electron transport chain?

Cristae

Where specifically in the cell does the ETC occur?

NAD+ & FAD

The electrons and hydrogen removed in the ETC regenerate which carriers back to the previous cycles?

Oxygen and it makes water

The electrons released into the ETC will use which final electron acceptor? What molecule does it make?

Intermembrane space

The hydrogens released into the ETC will build up where in the mitochondria?

ATP synthase

The buildup of hydrogens are passed through which protein enzyme to get back into the matrix?

ATP

Hydrogen + the protein enzyme is used to make what high energy molecule for the cell?

Chemiosmosis

What is the process that makes ATP at the end of the ETC called?

34

How many ATP molecules are made from Krebs cycle and ETC?

36

How many total ATP molecules are made for all of aerobic cellular respiration?

Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

If no oxygen is present after glycolysis, two types of anaerobic respiration may follow. Name each one.

Regenerate NAD+ from NADH

What is the ultimate goal of fermentation since no additional ATP is made from it?

Ethyl alcohol/ethanol, CO2 & NAD+

What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?

Lactic acid and NAD+

What are the products of lactic acid fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation

Which type of fermentation can human cells do?