Psychology - Final Exam

Semester test on Dec. 2nd

What is Psychology?

Psychology is a discipline concerned with BEHAVIOR and MENTAL PROCESSES and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment.

What is Empirical Evidence?

What is a Representative Sample

Randomly chosen participants that accurately represent the larger population in which the researcher is interested

What are the Four Approaches to Psychology; compare to THUG

Biological- everything in the neighborhood came back to your genetics and being black or white
Learning - people learn not to snitch on others because you will be punished
Cognitive -
Sociological- society shaped how Starr grew up

Difference between Somatic and Autonomic?

Somatic - skeletal muscles and voluntary movements
Autonomic - involuntary movements

Difference between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Sympathetic - mobilizes body for action
Parasympathetic - slows down (paralyze)

What is the cell body?

Keeps neuron alive and determines when to fire

What are dendrites?

Branches that receive information from other neurons

What is an Axon?

Extending fiber that sends impulses away from the cell and to other neurons

What is the myelin sheeth?

Fatty insulation around the axon

What does the Occipital lobe do?

visual cortex

What does the temporal lobe do?

Auditory cortex

What does the frontal lobe do?

motor cortex

What does the parietal do?

Somatosensory cortex

What is the prefrontal lobe mostly responsible for?

Judgement

What is the length of REM sleep?

90 Minutes

What is a stimulant?

Speed up activity of the central nervous system

What is a depressant?

Slow down activity of the central nervous system

What is a opiate?

Relieve pain, create rush

What is psychedelics?

Disrupt normal sensory perception

What does scientist mean by Biological rhythms?

a periodic, more or less regular, fluctuation in the physiological functioning of a living organism

What hormone is involved in regulating sleep/wake cycle?

melatonin

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

Reinforcement strengthens stimulus and punishment weakens it

Why does punishment fail?

it can create negative behavior and shift thinking to how to avoid the punishment (not getting caught)

What should extrinsic and intrinsic rewards be given?

Extrinsic rewards should be given carefully and not overdone

What is an example of classical conditioning?

When you pack your bags and dog knows they are going camping

What is an example of operant conditioning?

Parents gives child timeout for hitting siblings

What does emotion mean?

A state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action

How does optimism help us?

it is physically beneficial because it contract the high arousal caused by negative emotions

Give an example of reappraisal

choosing to think about a situation differently; anger into sympathy

Give an example of social comparison

comparing self to others; they must have it so much worse than me

Give an example of learning from experience

newly required skill; how to take an online course during the pandemic

What is emotion work?

expression of emotion, often because of a role requirement, that a person does not really feel

What is mood contagion?

The spreading of emotion from one person to another

How is attachment and contact comfort similar yet different?

Similar: contact comfort is the foundation of attachment
Different: Contact comfort is seeking comfort when there is an unfamiliar situation. Attachment is intimate bond

What is the difference between object permanence and conservation?

Object permanence: object still exists when you cannot see it
Conservation: object is still the same amount even when form or appearance changes

What are benefits of delaying gratification?

1. pay attention to task at hand
2. control negative emotions
3. do better in school

Difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence

Fluid intelligence: The capacity to reason and use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age
Crystallized intelligence: Cognitive skills and specific knowledge acquired over a lifetime; it is heavily dependent on education and tends to remain stable.

Difference between obsessions and compulsions

Obsessions: persistent thoughts (O=P)
Compulsions: repetitive behaviors (C=B)

Difference between panic and generalized anxiety

panic- recurring panic attacks
generalized - continuous state of anxiety

Identify the 4 major categories of Psychotic symptoms and give an example

1. Delusions - I have a secret mission from the government
2. Hallucination - People are talking to me but only I can hear them
3. Disorganized speech - Winter is cold is blue in the rainbow gold clouds rain
4. Disorganized behavior - I cannot move my body this morning
5. Negative symptoms - Emotionless, flat affect, poor eye contact

Difference between stereotype and prejudice

stereotype: summary of an impression
prejudice: negative stereotype

Conformity v. Groupthink

Conformity: changing to agree with group
Groupthink: think like everyone the group

Give an example of diffusion of resposibility

if you see a fire with people around you and you assume some one else will call 911

Give an example of self serving bias

you get a good grade because you studied hard

Give an example of internal attribution and external

I : a car broke down because they don't understand how cars work
E : car was old

A state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person’s belief is incongruent with his or her behavior?

cognitive dissonance

What is the function of Id, Ego, and Superego structures?

Id: In psychoanalysis, the part of the personality containing sexual, aggressive, and pleasure based instincts
Ego: In psychoanalysis, the part of the personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational self-control
Superego: In psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards

Difference between central and secondary traits

Central : Traits that reflect a characteristic way of behaving, dealing with others, and reacting to new situations
Secondary : Traits that are more changeable aspects of personality, such as music preferences, habits, or casual opinions

Difference between collectivist and individualist cultures?

collectivist : Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one’s group is prized above individual goals and wishes
individualist : Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with other

How reciprocal determinism impacts our personalities?

it explains how we act influences the environment