GEO Final

What is a nation?

a community of people in a particular spot

What is a state?

Political unit

Majority of places are what?

Multi-nation states

1. Which two of the following countries are considered relatively good examples of nation-states?

a. The United Kingdom b. Slovenia c. Poland d. Bosnia-Herzegovina

b. Slovenia and c. Poland

Where is the homeland of the Kurdish nation?

Ethnic homeland in Northern Iraq, eastern Turkey, and neighboring areas

The Basque homeland occupies portions of what two European countries?

Ethnic homeland in Spain and France

How many (approximately) independent states are there in the world today?

198

List the world’s five largest states (in order) by land area

Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil

Compact states have a shape that is considered advantageous for administration and infrastructure. List three examples of compact states mentioned in the lecture.

Uruguay, Poland, Zimbabwe

List four examples of purpose-built, planned capital cities mentioned in the lecture.

Washington D.C.; Brasilia, Brazil; Canberra, Australia; Abuja, Nigeria

The boundary between the western U.S. and western Canada, which is an example of both an artificial and antecedent boundary, follows what line of latitude?

49th parallel

Define: subsequent boundary

Established after the area is well populated

What is the term for a subsequent boundary that is intended to accommodate/coincide with existing cultural differences?

Consequent boundaries

Provide two examples of consequent boundaries that were mentioned in the lecture.

Ireland, Northern Ireland (UK). Sudan and South Sudan

What is the term for a subsequent boundary that is placed over and ignores existing cultural patterns?

Superimposed boundaries

Provide two examples of superimposed boundaries that were mentioned in the lecture.

Many African states, Iraq

Define: irredentism

People of one state claim and seek to acquire territory whose population is ethnically or historically related

Provide one example of irredentism that was mentioned in the lecture

Hungarian claims to Transylvania (in Romania) , WW1/WW2, one of Russia’s justifications for invading Ukraine

Define: nationalism

Sense of unity binding people of a state together

List two reasons why states often promote nationalism

Helps integrate different culture groups into a unified population, stabilizes and strengthens the state

Define: subnationalism

Primary allegiance is to a tribe or nation smaller than the population of the state

List three places where regionalism has been prevalent in recent history.

Catalonia, Quebec, Scotland, the Basque region

List the predominant ethno-religious group in Region 1 as shown on the map.

Shia Arabs

List the predominant ethno-religious group in Region 2 as shown on the map.

Sunni Arabs

List the predominant ethno-religious group in Region 3 as shown on the map.

Kurds

Prior to the split between Sudan and South Sudan, the country was plagued by decades of civil war between the north and the south. In what part of the country (north or south) did Arab Muslims predominate?

North

Prior to the split between Sudan and South Sudan, the country was plagued by decades of civil war between the north and the south. In what part of the country (north or south) did non-Arab Christians and followers of traditional faiths predominate?

South

Prior to the split between Sudan and South Sudan, the country was plagued by decades of civil war between the north and the south. South Sudan is the most recent country to be admitted to the UN. In what year did South Sudan attain independence?

2011

Prior to the split between Sudan and South Sudan, the country was plagued by decades of civil war between the north and the south. List three factors that have exacerbated ethnic conflicts in the Darfur region of Sudan.

Drought, desertification, and overpopulation exacerbated ethnic conflicts

Define: supranationalism

Associations of states created for mutual benefit and to achieve shared objectives

Define/describe: subsistence economy

Goods and serivces are produced for self and kinship groups

With what type of government are planned (command) economies associated?

Communist governments

Provide two examples of countries with planned economies cited in the lecture/text.

North Korea and Cuba

Classify manufacturing as either a primary, secondary, or tertiary economic activity

Secondary

Classify agriculture as either a primary, secondary, or tertiary economic activity

Primary

Classify retail trade as either a primary, secondary, or tertiary economic activity

Tertiary

Classify education as either a primary, secondary, or tertiary economic activity

Tertiary

Classify construction as either a primary, secondary, or tertiary economic activity

Secondary

Classify mining as either a primary, secondary, or tertiary economic activity

Primary

In which of the three economic sectors (primary, secondary, or tertiary) are the vast majority of Americans (about 80%) employed?

Tertiary

Which countries typically have a larger proportion of their labor force engaged in agriculture, (a) LDCs or (b) MDCs?

(a) LDCs

Indicate whether the following describes (a) extensive subsistence agriculture or (b) intensive subsistence agriculture: Involves large areas of land; output per acre and population densities are low:

(a) extensive susistence agriculture

Indicate whether the following describes (a) extensive subsistence agriculture or (b) intensive subsistence agriculture: Involves small areas of land; output per acre and population densities are high

(b) intensive subsistence agriculture

Define: nomadic herding

Migratory movement of livestock for forage

In what type of environments is nomadic herding typically practiced?

Dry, cold, and/or rugged environments

List three specific regions of the world where a fair number of people engage in nomadic herding that were mentioned in the lecture.

Sahara and Sahel, the Arctic, Central Asia (Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan)

Describe: shifting cultivation

Lands cleared, burned, and cultivated for a few years; move to a new site when fertility is lost, leaving former fields fallow

With regard to temperature, precipitation, latitude, and soil quality, in what type of environment is shifting cultivation typically practiced?

Warm, moist low latitude regions with poorer soils

Is this shifting cultivation viable when population density is high?

No

What type of subsistence agriculture is most common in the fertile river valleys and deltas of eastern and southern Asia, (a) extensive or (b) intensive?

(b) intensive

What crop is most commonly grown in warm, moist areas such as the Yangtze River Valley, Mekong Valley and Delta, and the eastern Ganges Valley and Delta?

Rice

________ - ____________ varieties of wheat, rice, and corn were among the agricultural advancements associated with the Green Revolution.

High-yielding

Indicate whether the Green Revolution led to an (a) increase or (b) decrease in the use of fertilizers and pesticides

(a) increase

Indicate whether the Green Revolution led to an (a) increase or (b) decrease in grain production

(a) increase

Indicate whether the Green Revolution led to an (a) increase or (b) decrease in pollution and salinization

(a) increase

Indicate whether the consolidation and intensification of agriculture in the U.S. has led to an (a) increase or (b) decrease in the number of farms

(b) decrease

Indicate whether the consolidation and intensification of agriculture in the U.S. has led to an (a) increase or (b) decrease in average farm size

(a) increase

Indicate the predominant type of agriculture in Region A on the map

Wheat and small grains

Indicate the predominant type of agriculture in Region B on the map

Dairy

Indicate the predominant type of agriculture in Region C on the map

Range livestock

Indicate whether industrial processes that reduce the weight of the raw material (e.g., processing mineral ores) tends to have (a) a raw material orientation or (b) a market orientation

(a) raw material orientation

Indicate whether industrial processes that add weight to the finished product (e.g., soft drink bottling) tends to have (a) a raw material orientation or (b) a market orientation

(b) market orientation

Indicate whether industrial processes that reduce the bulk of the raw material (e.g., lumber milling) tends to have (a) a raw material orientation or (b) a market orientation

(a) raw material orientation

List the world’s four major manufacturing regions.

Eastern North America, Western and Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Eastern Asia

One of the country’s greatest concentrations of high-tech industry is located in North Carolina (specifically the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill area). What is the nickname given to this region?

Research Triangle

Is the proportion of the world’s population living in cities (classified as urban) today (a) higher or (b) lower than it was in 1900?

(a) higher

Which countries are typically more urbanized (have a larger proportion of their population living in cities), (a) MDCs or (b) LDCs?

(a) MDCs

In early American history, many settlements were established at sites where rivers cross the Fall Line. The Fall Line represents the boundary between what two landform regions in the eastern U.S.?

Piedmont and coastal plain

List two reasons why settlements where rivers cross the Fall Line were advantageous sites.

Was a head-of-navigation location and waterwheel-powered industries

Define/describe suburb

Outside, but near the boundaries of a central city

Define/describe urbanized area

Continuously built-up, densely populated area within and surrounding a city

Define/describe metropolitan area

Major city and county or counties linked by interaction

What is the approximate population of the city of Greenville (inside the city limits)?

76,000

List the four counties that constitute the Greenville-Anderson metropolitan area.

Greenville, Anderson, Laurens, and Pickens

List the three most populous urban areas (in order) in the United States.

New York, Los Angeles, Chicago

List the five most populous urban areas (in order) in the world, according to data presented in the lecture.

Tokyo (Japan), Delhi (India), Shanghai (China), Sao Paulo (Brazil), Mexico City

Define: primate city

One city in a country with clear numeric, economic, political, social, and cultural dominance

Classify Buenos Aires, Argentina as (a) a primate city or (b) not a primate city

(a) primate city

Classify New York City as (a) a primate city or (b) not a primate city

(b) not a primate city

Classify Bangkok, Thailand as (a) a primate city or (b) not a primate city

(a) primate city

Define: Central Business District (CBD)

Commercial core of an urban area (“downtown“)

Are land values typically high or low in the CBD?

High

Define: suburbanization/urban sprawl

development and population growth along the fringes of metropolitan areas

List three factors mentioned in the lecture that contributed to an increase in suburbanization/urban sprawl in post-WWI America.

Increasing automobile ownership, construction of interstates and other highways, and new home loan terms made purchasing easier

Define: edge city

District concentrations of retail and office space on the outer fringes of a metropolitan area

List five negative impacts of urban sprawl that were mentioned in the lecture.

Farmland conversion and habitat loss, little mixed-up development, reliance on automobiles, decline of central cities, decline in benefits of agglomeration

Megalopolis is a large conurbation that extends from north of ____________ to south of ___________________.

Boston, Washington D.C

Define: gentrification

Private redevelopment of deteriorated urban property

As discussed in the lecture, what negative consequence is sometimes associated with gentrification?

Displacement of low-income residents

Consider some differences between typical European and U.S. urban areas. Do European urban areas typically exhibit (a) more or (b) less urban sprawl than American urban areas?

(b) less urban sprawl

Consider some differences between typical European and U.S. urban areas. Are residents of European urban areas (a) more or (b) less likely to live in multi-unit housing than residents of American urban areas?

(a) more likely

Consider some differences between typical European and U.S. urban areas. Do European urban areas typically have (a) more or (b) less mixed-use development than American urban areas?

(a) more

Describe: shantytown/squatter settlement

Unplanned, makeshift housing developments

According to recent estimates, what is the approximate population of the world?

8.2-8.3 billion

List some of the primary factors that contributed to the dramatic increase in population growth in modern history.

Advances in medicine and healthcare, agriculture and nutrition, and sanitation

How (in general) is a more-developed country (MDC) different from a less-developed country (LDC)?

They have high economic productivity, standard of living, levels of technology

Is most of the world’s population growth occurring in MDCs or LDCs?

LDCs

Define: birth rate

Number of live births per 1,000 people per year

Define: total fertility rate (TFR)

Average number of births per woman

What is the approximate TFR in the United States?

1.8