M2_A:Resource Uses, Users, and Use Conflict

fishers/fisherfolk, fishpond operators, factory owners/employees, quarry operators, resort owners, power plants owners/employees

List of aquatic resource users

fisherfolk, environmental groups or NGOs, resort owners and/or association, local officials, lgu extension worker/fisheries technician, youth, government organizations, church-based groups, community residents, women’s group

List of aquatic resource stakeholders

fish vendors, construction companies, community residents, tourists

resource consumers:

Degradation trap, Conservation trap, Sustainable development

3 POSSIBLE CONDITIONS FOR RESOURCE EXPLOITATION

Degradation trap

over-utilization

Destruction of ecological environment, decreased personal income, deterioration of livelihood

Degradation trap results to

Conservation trap

under-utilization

Improvement of ecological environment, insufficient personal income, deterioration of livelihood

Conservation trap results to

Sustainable development

balanced utilization

Protected ecological environment, Increased personal income, Improved livelihood

Sustainable development results to

user

a customer or individual utilizing a product and interacting directly with a product or service.

consumer

the one who makes the purchase or consumption decision.

stakeholder

an individual that is actively involved in a project or whose interest might be affected (positively or negatively) because of project execution or completion.

Resource Use Conflict

Resource Destruction/Degradation

Decline of Fish Stock

Pollution

Poverty

Overfishing

Problems Besetting a Coastal Community:

Resource Use Conflict

disagreements and disputes over access to, control over and use of natural resources.

multiple resource users

cause of resource use conflict

climate change

It is anticipated that ___, which heightened resource scarcity, will intensify resource-driven conflicts.

increase water temperature

increase sedimentation and turbidity

increase pollution

alter water flow

Deforestation can:

habitat fragmentation, species migration and/or extinction, loss of biodiversity

Deforestation or Resource Destruction/Degradation can result in: 

Reclaimed areas, Invasive species, Geological processes, Pollution, Urbanization, Dam constructions and water diversion, Agricultural Land Conversion

Causes of deforestation: 

Illegal Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUUF)

a key driver of global overfishing and is cited as among the top reasons for the decline of fish stocks

Illegal

[IUUF] against national and international laws

Unreported

[IUUF] not reported or misreported

Unregulated

[IUUF] carried out by vessels that are not parties of states or relevant fisheries management organization

Climate change, decline in fish stock

Human activities lead to __ that leads to __

Fresh water will be in short supply in some areas, Relocation, Extreme meteorological phenomena will widespread poverty, Shrinking productivity of harvest, Diseases will spread, More wars to again access to limited resources, Cost of adapting coastal areas to rising sea levels, Loss of the capacity to work, Prices will rise

Social and Economical Impact of Climate Change

16%

Canada has received __ more precipitation in the past six decades

1.5 celsius

Annual average air temperature has warmed __ in the past six decades

Arctic

The __ is warming twice as fast as the south

Permafrost

__ temperatures across the country have increased

snow cover

There is a great loss of __ in the spring and summer

greenhouse gases

Melting permafrost releases__

2001-2010

warmest decade on record

evaporation, dangerous storms

Warmer temperatures increase water __, leading to biger and more __

sea levels

Melting glaciers contribute to rising__

ice

Each decade, sea__ is shrinking more and more

River flow

__ has decreased over the past few decades in southern Canada but increased in northern Canada

Stratification

is the formation of different layers of water in the ocean

Ocean acidification

Too much CO2 is absorbed into the water, making it difficult for some species to build shells and skeletal structures. Some waters are already considered “corrosive” to these organisms

Global Warming

stops these layers(stratification) from mixing properly, impacting the exchange of nutrients, heat, and CO2

marine life

In some areas, there is a lack of oxygen in the water, which is harmful to __

Pollution

This includes: air, land, water, soil, coastal water pollution

Radioactive contamination, Agricultural runoff, Thermal Industrial waste, Sewage and wastewater, Pollution, Plastic waste, Oil spill, Household waste, Marine dumping, Mining activities

Examples of water Pollution:

Poverty

main reason that prompts individual to neglect impacts of actions in order to survive

Overfishing

a case of “too many boats chasing a few fish”, i.e. overexploitation

Bycatch and Discards, Deforestation and Habitat Loss, Climate Change and Global Warming, Institutional Overlaps, Governance Challenges

Anthropogenic Activities Affecting Ecosystems

Bycatch

the incidental capture of non-target species (dolphins, marine turtles and seabirds). they are hauled up with the catch, and then discarded overboard dead or dying

Climate Change and Global Warming

Are changes in climates and global temperatures. These:

1. directly impact the abiotic factors that are essential for sustaining the biotic elements

2. destroy and alter coral reefs, mountain regions, water cycles, which are vital ecosystem resource

Institutional Overlaps

are results of unclear or misinterpretation of stipulations on certain laws and policies by implementing government agencies.

Local Government Code of 1991 (RA 7160)

law in the Philippines that decentralizes power from the national government to local government units (LGUs), giving them greater autonomy. It also aims to create more responsive and accountable local governance structures.

Fisheries Code of 1998 (RA 8550)

An act providing for the development, management, and conservation of the fisheries and aquatic resources, integrating all laws pertinent thereto, and for other purposes

The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (RA 10654)

An act to prevent, deter, and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, amending RA 8550, and for other purposes

Institutional Overlaps

Overlaps in the implementation of functions of government agencies vis-à-vis stipulations of policies that aim to address issues and concerns in the exploitation and utilization of aquatic resources

Governance Challenges

Lack of decision-making capabilities and opportunities