Chemistry - Mixtures and Solutions Vocab

osmotic pressure

a colligative property of solutions

water molecules

can cross the semipermeable membrane

semipermeable membrane

the barrier with tiny pores that allow some particles to pass through but not others

sugar molecules

cannot cross the semipermeable mebrane

osmosis

the diffusion of the solvent particles across the semipermeable membrane from the area of higher solvent concentration to the area of lower solvent concentration

solution side

the side that exerts osmotic pressure

pure solvent side

the side from which more water molecules cross the semipermeable membrane

mole fraction

Moles of part/total moles

molality

mole/kg solvent

molarity

mol/L solution

mixture

a combination of 2+ pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties

filtration

separates solids from a liquid

distillation

relies on differing boiling points to separate liquids

sublimation

to separate 2 liquids

chromatography

separates the components of a mixture dissolved in a g/l based on the ability to be drawn over a substance

crystallization

pure solid particles form in a solution

suspension

a mixture containing particles large enough that, if left undisturbed, settle over time due to gravity

colloids

a mixture of intermediated-sized particles that do not settle out of the mixture

Brownian Motion

the erratic movement of colloid particles which prevents the settling of the particles in colloids

electrostatic layers

the dispersed particles have polar of charged atomic groups on their surface which forms layers with the dispersing medium

Tyndall effect

dispersed colloid particles scatter light

soluble

a substance that dissolves in a solvent

insoluble

a substance that does not dissolve in a solvent

miscible

two liquids that are soluble in each other in any proportion

immiscible

two liquids that can be mixed together but separate shortly after

concentration

a measure of how much solute is diddolved in a specific amount of solvent or solution

dilute

small amounts of solute; it could hold more solute

concentrated

large amounts of solute

supersaturated

more is dissolved than is normally allowed

solvation

the process of surrounding solute particles with solvent particles to form a solution

factors that affect solvation

agitation, surface area, and temperature

Henry’s Law

at a given T the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of gas above the liquid

colligative properties

physical properties of solutions that are affected by the number of particles but not their identity