physiology 201

N3 is called what and has what kind of pattern

slow wave; delta rhythm

N2 has what two patterns? what do they look like?

sleep spindles and k complexes

N1 is called what and has what pattern?

is a light sleep stage characterized by theta waves and a transition from wakefulness to sleep.

REM is characterized by what patterns?

beta waves,

fluid outside cell (but not inside vasularture)

ISF

fluid inside cells

intracellular fluid ICF

Plasma

fluid in blood vessels

cytosol

the liquid component of the cytoplasm, excluding organelles and other solids.

specialized (protein lined) intercellular connections that allow for direct communication between adjacent cells (and name the antonym)

gap junctions; tight junctions

tRNA

a molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, matching its anticodon with codons on the mRNA.

transcription factors

proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences.

for template DNA nucleotide sequence CAT, what is the corresponding mRNA codon sequence?

GUA

allosteric modulation

weaker of the two:

NOT the active site being bonded to, and bonds are NOT covalent (two bonding sites must exist, an acti ve site and an allosteric site)

covalent modulation

requires an enzyme to make a strong covalent bond between the protein and something else. This occurs on the active site.

why is the difference in binding site affinity of a secondary active transport protein on the two sides of a membrane an example of allosteric modulation

Ask chatgpt

ligand

molecule that binds to a sensory receptor, ion channel or other macromolecule

Two proteins are found to be 50% saturated with their respective ligands at, one at a high molarity of its respective ligand and one at a low molarity.  Which protein has the highest affinity binding site?

kinase

an enzyme that takes the phosphate from an ATP and covalently modulates a protein with it. often this is a mechanism for transport across a membrane.

two types of neurons in efferent pathways: what are and what do they do

motor neurons connect to effector tissue of muscles and glands; sympathetic neurons are a type of motor neuron and connect to effector tissue for things that are involuntary (constricting blood vessels for example).

what do you call the thing that processes information from an afferent pathway?

integrating center

this molecule _______ links receptors to second messenger generating systems and is found where?

G proteins, membrane

A messenger molecule is not soluble in lipids! What is one way to get the information across the membrane?

by causing generation of the second messenger cAMP

know the 4 steps of most cell responses to extracellular chemical messengers

• Binding of the chemical messenger to a receptor protein (first step).

• Generation of second messenger molecules (cAMP, IP₃, DAG, Ca²⁺, etc.).

• Allosteric activation of protein kinase enzymes (second messengers activate kinases like PKA, PKC, CaM-kinase).

• Phosphorylation of specific cell proteins (kinases phosphorylate target proteins → cellular response) ()

What is an inactive G protein bonded to? what about an active G protein?

inactive is bonded to GDP, active is bonded to GTP.

fatty acids undergo ______ to form ________, which enters the_________.

β-oxidation, acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle.

glycolytic pathway

T/F: fatty acids are broken down to molecules that can enter the glycolytic pathway

false, they never enter it, they instead go through β-oxidation into acetyl-CoA.

anticipatory mechanism to avoid the effects of a stimulus before they set in

feed forward

Differentiate acclimatization and resetting set point for the stimus of cold weather

acclimatization would be the improvememt of the warming up system while resetting the set point

resetting set point

membrane potential

seperation of charge across membrane

two kinds of gradients: _______ and ________

electircal and chemical

symbol for equil. pot.

E_ion

membrane potential symbol

Vm

hydronium

water molecule with a proton + [H_³O]⁺

baroreflex

Parasymphathetic nervous system

the part of the nervous system associated with heart rate DECREASE, as well as other functions

sympathetic nervous system

INCREASES heart rate (fight or flight servous system)

baroreceptor

label parts of neuron

dendrites, cell body (where grtaded potentials happen), initial axon segment (where action pots. happen first), axon, axon terminals

axosomatic

attaches to the cell body of the postsynaptic cell

axoaxonic

presynaptic neuron attaches to axon termials and makes it release neurotransmitters without graded/action potentials

the idea that graded potential signals will get weaker over distance without action potentials

decremental conduction

excitable cell

cell that is capable of generating action potential

oligodendricyte

myelin forming cell in Central NS

schwan cell

myelin forming cell in peripheral NS

node of ranvier

interneurons

glycosylated

having sugar molecules linked (often on the extracellular surface of integral proteins)

when a signal comes from the same cell quickly so the waves overap a bit; when the signal comes from multiple cells and overlaps.

Temporal summation; spatial summation

afferent neurons that allow conscious sensing of touch, pain, temp, pressure, etc

somatic sensory neurons

internal sensing neurons (info from organs, fullness, stretch, etc)

visceral sensory neurons

light, taste, smell

special sensory neurons

control skeletal movement, shivering, etc

somatic motor neurons

cranial vs spinal nerves

spinal nerves all have BOTH afferent and efferent cells, while some cranial nerves can be specialized to one of the two.

anterolateral system

carries pain/temp info

proprioceptor

this molecule ________senses an influx of Ca2+ and accelerates fusion of membrane and vesicle (which is done by _________ to release neurotransmitters)

synaptotagmin; SNAREs

interneuron

sensory transduction

receptive field

map of spine/regions that control parts of body

all _________ nerves have efferent and afferent while ______ mostly do but can also specialize

spinal; cranial

corticospinal pathway

permissive actions

HPA axis

hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

the protein ________is voltage sensor inbedded in the t tubule and as an action potential is generated it changes shape of ________ to allow Ca2+ to flow from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the ICF

DHP (Dihydropyridine) receptor, Ryanodine receptor

the hormone _____ is released by neurons of the ________ part of the brain into the _______, location which contains the _________ .

CRH; hypothalamus; median eminence; hypothalamic-pituitary portal system/vein.

the hormone _____ acts on the ______ (what structure) to release ________, which then acts on the ________ to release cortisol.

CRH; anterior pituitary gland; ACTH; adrenal glands

long loop vs short loop and all examples in the HPA axis

the ____________ is made up of which 3 proteins

thin filament: actin, tropomyosin, troponin

muscle cells have long things called ________ made up of smaller units called ___________

myofibrils, sarcomeres

membrane of the muscle is called _______

sarcolemma (plasmalemma can refer to any type of cell membrane)

the __________ is the part of a sarcomere that is dark and made up of the protein _________

thick filament; myosin

Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA)

4 steps of cross bridge cycle

latent period

the length of time between x=0 and first sign of tension in muscle fiber

this is where a motor nueron attaches to one of its muscle fibers (and it has many ACh receptors)

motor end plate

thick filament is made up of 2 ______ and 4 ______ chains

heavy, light

free vs. calcium bound troponin

differentiate m line, z line, I band, A band, and H zone

Three functions of ATP (and name of protein that puts Ca away back into SR)

Hydrolysis by myosin (energy for cross bridge during energuie faze - puts myosin head in energized position), detachment (attracted to myosin and dissociates it from actin), hydrolysis by SERCA t

name the three muscle relationships and give examples

firce-frequency, length-tnesion, load-velocity

three sources of energy/ATP for muscle cells (and name enzyme for the one that lasts 10 seconds)

creatine phosphate (mediated by creatine kinase, only 8-10 seconds worth of ATP), oxidative phosphorylation (if enough O2), Glycolysis

oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis at max can be maintained for _______

at maximum can be maintained for 1.3-1.6

three types of fibers and their names

fast glycolytic fibers (IIb), fast oxidative fibers (IIa), slow oxidative fibers (I)

IIb has _______

fast myosin ATPase, fewer mitochondria, less blood/myoglobin. high intensity activities

IIa has______

fast myosin ATPase (not as fast as IIb), moderate intensity excersice but still used in high intensity

I fiber has _____

slow myosin ATPase, high blood supply/myoglbin, used for all types of activities

ciliary muscles are controlled by the ______ system

parasympathetic

this second messenger ______ opens receptor _______ on the SR membrane to release Ca2+ without needing an action potential

IP3; IP3R

the enzyme _________ is activated by Ca2+ in smooth muscle and activates ______, this second enzyme phosporylates myosin to allow the cross bridge cycle to occur

calmodulin (CM); MLCK (myosin light chain kinase)

T/F smooth muscle has sarcomeres

F

where the neuron connects to the muscle cell is called ___________. The name the specialized region of the muscle cell here is __________ . what receptor is found there and what happens to the Ach?

neuro muscular junction; Motor end plate; N-AchR is used and then broken down by AChesterase on the surface of the motor end plate into choline which can be reuptaken buy the neuron and acetic acid

this is the name of the graded potential that occurs at the end plate

EPP (end plate potential)

things that cause fatigue during high intensity excercise

slight decrease in ATP, too much ADP, less Ca2+ and decreased Ca2+ sensitivity

T/F all fibers in a given motor unit are of the same type

T

four types of hormones

catecholamine (like epi), peptide, steroid, thyroid