Pre-Vet Anatomy Modules 1-5

sagittal plane

left and right halves perpendicular to the ground

coronal (frontal) plane

dorsal and ventral halves

transverse plane

cranial and caudal halves, perpendicular to long axis of the body

dorsal

plane related to the back/spine

ventral

plane related to belly

cranial

structures toward head of the animal

caudel

structures toward tail of animal

rostral

only used in the head

structures located towards muzzle

anterior

not common

structures located closer to front of body/head

posterior

not common

structures related closer to back of body/hind end

proximal

structures close to junction of limbs with body

distal

structures away from junction of limbs to body

palmer

structures directed toward underside of forearm

palm of hand

plantar

structures directed toward underside or bottom surface of hindlimb

medial

structures directed toward midline

lateral

structures directed away from midline (toward the side)

axial

structures directed toward longitudinal axis of limbs (center of the limb)

abaxial

structures directed away from longitudinal axis of limbs (center of limb)

buccal (labial)

structures directed toward cheek

lingual

structures directed toward tongue

mesial

related to surface directed toward midline of the jaw (dental arch)

toward front of the mouth

occlusal

grinding surface of the teeth

diastema

space or gap between two teeth

connective tissue

group of tissues important for providing support, linkage, and separation to various types of tissues and organs in body

3 components of connective tissue

fibers

ground substance (or formless matrix)

cells

3 types of fibers in connective tissue

collagenous

elastic

reticular

most abundant fiber in connective tissue

collagenous type

consists of collagen

fibers that consist of elastin in connective tissue

elastic fibers

reticular fibers

contain reticulin

provide scaffolding to other cells in structures

ground substance of connective tissue consists of

formless matrix

large carbohydrates

complexes with proteins and carbohydrates

2 types of cells in connective tissue

stationary

migrating

examples of stationary cells in connective tissue

fibroblasts

adipocytes

examples of migrating cells in connective tissue

mast cells

macrophages

monocytes

lymphocytes

3 types of connective tissue

loose connective tissue

dense connective tissue

specialized connective tissue

most common type of connective tissue

loose connective tissue

loose connective tissue

supports organs and provides attachment for epithelial tissue to underlying tissue

dense connective tissue made up of

bundles of collagen and fibroblasts

subdivisions of dense connective tissue

dense regular connective tissue

dense irregular connective tissue

examples of specialized connective tissue

blood, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, reticular tissue

3 layers of arteries

tunica intima

tunica media

tunica adventitia

tunica intima

thinnest layer

endothelial cells surrounded by connective tissue

tunica media

thickest layer

made up of elastic fibers, connective tissue, vascular smooth muscle

tunica adventitia

contains nerves that regulate vessels

made up of connective tissue

names of branches from aorta to capillaries

aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries

what are lymphatic vessels similar to structurally

blood vessels

how does lymph flow occur in small lymph vessels without smooth muscle and connective tissue

gravitational force and hydrostatic pressure

afferent lymph vessels bring lymph

into the lymph nodes

pathway of lymph from lymphatic capillaries to thoracic duct

lymphatic capillaries → valves → afferent vessels → lymph node → efferent vessel → thoracic duct → drainage into vena cava

efferent lymph vessels bring lymph

away from lymph nodes

lymph movement primarily aided through what

contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in lymph vessels

aided by valves

what of the following is not a type of connective tissue?

cartilage

bone

muscle

adipose tissue

blood

muscle

incisors are teeth that are located on which end of the jaw?

distal side

mesial side

dorsal only

ventral only

mesial side

the plane that divides the body into right and left halves is called:

transverse plane

sagittal plane

coronal plane

sagittal plane

your dog has been limping recently and you find that it is because of a thorn that is stuck on the underside of the paw of the right forelimb. To remove this thorn, you would have to approach the paw from which aspect?

plantar aspect of the paw

dorsal aspect of the paw

palmar aspect of the paw

lateral aspect of the paw

palmar aspect of the paw

ligaments are structures that attach muscle to bond. they are made up of:

loose regular connective tissue

dense connective tissue

mostly cartilage

specialized connective tissue

dense connective tissue

two major systems of the nervous system

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

central nervous system contains

brain

spinal cord

peripheral nervous system contains

nerves and structures that connect that CNS to all parts of the body

classification of nervous system based on innervation type

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

somatic nervous system regulates what

predominately muscular function

autonomic nervous system regulates what

visceral function and some special function

two subcategories of autonomic nervous sytem

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

functions of nervous system are mediated by what

different types of cells within CNS and other structures such as ganglia

what is the basic functional unit of the nervous system

neuron

two processes in a neuron

dendrite

axon

dendrite transmits impulses which way

toward the cell body

axon transmits impulses which way

away from cell body

3 classifications of neurons based on processes

unipolar or pseudo-unipolar

bipolar

multipolar

how do nerves communicate with each other

through synapses and action potentials

two types of communication between neurons (primary force)

electrical or chemical

3 types of connection between synapses of neurons

axosomatic

axodendritic

axoaxonic

axosomatic

between axon of one neuron and cell body of another

axodendritic

between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another

axoaxonic

between axon of one neuron and axon of another neuron

aggregations of cell bodies in peripheral nerves are referred to as what

ganglia

support cells for neurons

glia

3 types of glial cells in CNS

astrocytes

oligodendrocytes

microglia

astrocytes are typically what shaped

star shaped

where are astrocytes found

brain and spinal cord

what do astrocytes do

produce GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)

metabolic support for neurons

maintenance of blood brain barrier

repair injury to nervous system

what do oligodendrocytes do

provide support to axons of CNS by producing myelin sheaths

what do microglia do

critical for immune defense of CNS

where does the spinal cord run

hindbrain to lumbar vertebrae

what is white matter in the spinal cord

fibre tracts that carry information to and from brain

what is grey matter in the spinal cord

cell bodies that are either interneurons or motor neurons that become motor fibers

2 nerve roots that emerge from spinal cord

dorsal and ventral

dorsal roots give rise to

sensory neurons (cell bodies)

ventral root gives rise to

motor neurons

5 segments of the spinal cord

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

2 enlargements of spinal cord

cervicothoracic area

lumbosacral area

cervicothoracic area gives rise to

brachial plexus

brachial plexus is responsible for

innervation of forelimb

lumbosacral area gives rise to

lumbosacral plexus

lumbosacral plexus is responsible for

innervation of hindlimb

3 gross divisions of brain

hindbrain

midbrain

forebrain

hindbrain is also called

rhombencephalon

3 subdivision of hindbrain with both names listed

medulla oblongata = myelencephalon

pons = ventral metencephalon

cerebellum = dorsal metencephalon

medulla oblongata caudally continues as

spinal cord

cerebellum is responsible for

controlling balance and coordinating postural and locomotor activities

midbrain is also known as the

mesencephalon