Chapter 26 - body fluids

kidney

organ that regulates body fluid

men

gender that is made of a higher percentage of water

decreases

what happens to water content in your body as you age

75

percent of muscle that is water

fat

type of tissue that has more water

60

percent of total body weight that is water

intracellular fluid

location of 2/3 of total body fluid

extracellular fluid

1/3 of total body fluid

plasma and interstitial fluid

2 compartments of extracellular fluid

nonelectrolytes

don’t carry electrical charge when dissolved, most are carbon based

electrolytes

have an electrical charge and most are inorganic

electrolytes

body fluids with greater osmotic power

osmotic power

ability to cause water movement

osmolarity

total solute concentration in solution

osmosis

movement of water from low to high osmolarity

power

degree of solute concentration to cause osmosis

tonicity

capability of a solution to modify the volume of cells by altering their water content

electrolytes

most abundant solutes in the body

Sodium

major cation in ECF

Chlorine

major anion in ECF

Potassium

major cation in ICF

hydrogen phosphate

major anion in ICF

hypotonic

water moves inside, higher osmolarity in cell

hypertonic

water leaves cells, high osmolarity outside cell

isotonic

equal concentrations

0.9

percent of salt in the body in order to be isotonic

hypothalamus

regulator of thirst

increased sodium concentration

trigger for release of ADH

ADH

primary hormone responsible for tonicity homeostasis

sodium

only cation that exerts significant osmotic pressure

sodium

water follows ________

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

responsible for regulation of sodium balance

decreased sodium concentration/decreased BP

trigger for kidneys to secrete renin

adrenal

glands that release aldosterone hormone

sodium reabsorption

effect of aldosterone hormone

ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide

released by heart and inhibits ADH, renin, and aldosterone

decreases sodium ion and water absorption, reduces blood volume and blood pressure

effects of ANP

lowers

effect of ANP on blood pressure

potassium

chemical that affects resting membrane potential

hyperkalemia

elevated potassium levels

hypokalemia

decreased potassium levels

nephron

location of potassium regulation

hypercalcemia

calcium problem that is common in pregnancy

parathyroid

hormone that is responsible for the majority of calcium regulation

raises blood calcium

effect of parathyroid hormone

osteoclasts

part of the bone that is stimulated by PTH

promotes reabsorption

role of PTH in the kidney

promotes calcium absorption

role of PTH in small intestine

lowers blood calcium

effect of calcitonin

thyroid

gland that releases calcitonin

osteoblasts

part of the bone stimulated by calcitonin

inhibits absorption

role of calcitonin in the kidneys and small intestine

7.4

normal arterial blood pH

7.35

normal venous blood pH

pyruvic acid

bodily acid produced as a normal byproduct of metabolism

kidneys and cardiorespiratory system

2 organ systems that remove acids

chemical buffer systems, brain stem respiratory centers, and renal mechanisms

3 mechanisms that regulate the concentration of hydrogen ions

binds proton

action of chemical buffer when pH drops

release proton

action of buffer when pH rises

bicarbonate buffer system

buffer system that regulates ECF

kidney

organ that regulates bicarbonate

respiratory system

organ system that regulates carbon dioxide

increased

effect of higher CO2 levels in blood on respiratory rate

phosphate buffer system

buffer system responsible for regulation of ICF

renal buffer

most long term and important buffer system

collecting duct

location of renal buffer

renal buffer

buffer system responsible for eliminating the other acids produced by cellular metabolism

type A intercalated cells

cells that are activated by acidosis and get rid of H+, usually more active

type B intercalated cells

cells that are activated by alkalosis and reabsorb H+

medulla oblongata

part of the brain stem that controls respiratory system

respiratory acidosis/alkalosis

acid-base abnormalities caused by CO2 levels

metabolic acidosis/alkalosis

acid-base abnormalities caused by anything other than CO2 levels, often abnormal bicarbonate levels