Anatomy/Physiology Deck

What are the 3 standard sectioning planes?

Coronal (Frontal), Sagittal (Longitudinal), Transverse (Axial)

For each standard sectioning plane, what are the two sides?

Coronal (Anterior - Posterior), Sagittal (Left - Right), Transverse (Superior - Inferior)

What does the sagittal plane differ between?

Foot and hand. Foot is divided after thumb. Hand is divided through middle finger.

What are oblique sectioning planes?

Unequal sections at an angle other than 90 degrees from any axis

What sectioning plane is standard radiographic view?

Coronal (PA, posterior to anterior view)

What sectioning plane is standard MRI and CT scans view?

Transverse

What is anatomical position?

Standing upright. Facing forward, chin level. Holding the palms forward. Feet flat on the floor.

Which movements are along the coronal plane?

Abduction/adduction, inversion/eversion, radial deviation / ulnar deviation

Which movements are multidirectional?

Circumduction

Which movements are axial?

Lateral rotation / medial rotation, supination/pronation

Which movements are along sagittal plane?

Protraction/retraction, flexion/extension, dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, hyperextension/extension/flexion

Cranial

Pertaining to, or located toward, the head

Caudal

Pertaining to, or located toward, the tail

Anterior

Pertaining to, or located toward, the front; synonym: ventral

Posterior

Pertaining to, or located toward, the back; synonym: dorsal

Superior

Upper or above

Inferior

Lower or below

Axial

Pertaining to the axis of a structure

Transverse

Situated at right angles to the long axis of a structure

Longitudinal

Parallel to the long axis of a structure

Horizontal

Parallel to the plane of the horizon

Vertical

Perpendicular to the plane of the horizon

Medial

Toward the median plane

Lateral

Away from the median plane

Median

Situated at the medial plane or midline

Peripheral

Situated away from the center

Superficial

Situated near the surface

Deep

Situated beneath the surface

External

Outer or lateral

Internal

Inner or medial

Apical

Pertaining to the top or apex

Basal

Pertaining to the bottom or base

Sagittal

Situated parallel to the sagittal suture

Coronal

Situated parallel to the coronal suture

Proximal

Close to, or toward, the trunk or point of origin

Distal

Away from the trunk or point of origin

Radial

Pertaining to the radius or lateral side of the forearm

Ulnar

Pertaining to the ulna or medial side of the forearm

Tibial

Pertaining to the tibia or medial side of the leg

Pertaining to the fibula or lateral side of the leg

Fibula or peroneal

Pertaining to the palm of the hand

Palmar (volar)

Plantar

Pertaining to the sole of the foot

Dorsal

Pertaining to the back of the hand or top of the foot

Pertaining to the thumb

Pollicis

Pertaining to the great toe

Hallicus

Coronal / Frontal

Dividing the body into anterior and posterior pieces

Sagittal / longitudinal

Dividing the body into left and right pieces

Median Plane

Dividing the body through the midline into left and right

Oblique

A planar division at an angle

Transverse / axial

Diving the body into superior and inferior pieces

Median plane of hand

Dividing the hand into left and right through 3rd digit

Median plane of foot

Dividing the foot into left and right through 2nd digit

Flexion

Decreases angle at a joint

Extension

Increases angle at a joint

Protraction

Moving forward

Retraction

Moving backward

Elevation

Move in a superior direction

Depression

Move in an inferior direction

Adduction

Move toward midline

Abduction

Move away from midline

Circumduction

Distal aspect makes a circle

Pronation

Palm rotates posteriorly

Supination

Palm rotates anteriorly

Lateral/External Rotation

Rotation away from midline along long axis

Medial/Internal rotation

Rotation toward midline along long axis

Thumb moves toward other digits

Thumb moves away from other digits

Opposition/Reposition

Eversion

Sole tilts away from midline

Inversion

Sole tilts toward midline

Dorsiflexion

Flex foot superiorly (extension)

Plantarflexion

Flex foot inferiorly (flexion)

What is radial deviation / ulnar deviation?

IMAGE

What are thoracic landmarks?

Ribs and intercostal spaces

What are the abdominal quadrants?

Right upper quadrant; left upper quadrant; right lower quadrant; left lower quadrant

What are the 9 abdominal regions?

Right hypochondriac region; epigastric region; left hypochondriac region; right lumbar region; umbilical region; left lumbar region; right iliac (inguinal) region; hypogastric (pubic) region; left iliac (inguinal) regional

What are the 4 cavities?

Cranial cavity; thoracic cavity; abdominal cavity; pelvic cavity

What is the cranial cavity?

Brain and spinal cord

What is in the thoracic cavity?

Mediastinum; pericardial cavity; surrounds heart. Pleural cavities; surrounds lungs.

What is in the abdominal cavity?

Gastrointestinal tract

What is in the pelvic cavity?

Pelvic organs

What is the axial vs appendicular skeleton?

Axial is the skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, and sacrum + coccyx. Appendicular is everything else.

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges

Os Coxa

Femur

Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous change in internal and external environments

How do we maintain homeostasis short-term and long-term?

Autonomic NS via neurons (short-term). Endocrine via hormones (long-term).

What are four parts of feedback systems that maintain homeostasis?

Set point. Receptors. Control center. Effector

What are negative feedback systems?

Reverse a change to stop the stimulus

What are positive feedback systems?

Reinforces a change to perpetuate a stimulus. Includes a terminating mechanism outside of system.

What is a cell?

A living and functional unit enclosed by a membrane.

How do cells reproduce?

Via division (mitosis and meiosis)

How do cells do different things?

Organelles and specialized features

What is another name for extracellular fluid?

Interstitial fluid

What are examples of extracellular fluid?

Blood plasma, lymph, CSF, synovial fluid

Compare transport through a membrane via diffusion vs channel?

Diffusion (slow). Channel (fast, transient).

How do the intracellular and extracellular fluids relate?

Intracellular fluid dependent upon precise regulation of ECF

What are modifiable features between extracellular and intracellular fluid?

Ion concentration, temperature, oxygen, glucose levels