organic chem 2.0

Nucleophile

A 'nucleus-loving' species, a substance that is an electron pair donor, often anions or the negative side of a dipole. E.g. NH3, OH-, CN-

Electrophile

Electron pair acceptor. E.g. NO2+, H+, 𝛿+, H2SO4

Organic Reactions - Substitution

One atom or group of atoms replaces another atom or group of atoms, forming a new substance.

Organic Reactions - Elimination

Atoms are removed, forming multiple bonds and releasing small molecules like water as products.

Organic Reactions - Condensation

Two molecules come together with the elimination of water.

Organic Reactions - Addition

Atoms are added to the hydrocarbon across a multiple bond without the condensation of small molecules.

Organic Reactions - Hydrolysis

A molecule is split into two by the addition of water.

Organic Reactions - Oxidation and reduction

Oxidation increases the oxidation number of an atom, reduction decreases it.

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons with strong carbon-carbon single bonds and carbon-hydrogen bonds, unreactive due to their structure.

Combustion of Alkanes

Complete combustion results in carbon dioxide and water, incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide and soot.

Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes

H atom substituted by halogen under UV light in a multi-step process.

Cracking

Catalytic cracking at 500˚C with a zeolite catalyst or thermal cracking at 800˚C to produce branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic compounds.

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons with double bonds, undergo electrophilic addition reactions like hydrogenation, hydro-halogenation, and hydration.

Halogen Derivatives

Halogenoalkanes classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, undergo substitution or elimination reactions.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes with strong alkali, NaOH or KOH, leading to the breakdown of the compound.

Elimination Reactions

Reactions where ethanolic NaOH or KOH removes a molecule, leading to the formation of an alkene.

Alcohols

Compounds with an -OH group, named based on the priority of the functional groups present, can be produced through hydration of alkenes or fermentation.

Isomerism

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms, including structural, geometrical, and optical isomers.

Carbonyl Compounds

Aldehydes and ketones are carbonyl compounds with distinct naming conventions and properties.

Esters and Amines

Esters are volatile compounds with fruity smells, while amines are related to ammonia with hydrogen atoms replaced by alkyl chains.