Grade 10 Biology notes(cells,cancer,diff systems in the body)

cell

The basic unit of life, made of cells that carry out life processes.

cell membrane

A barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the environment.

cell theory

All living things are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and function, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

prokaryotic cells

Cells with a simple structure, no nucleus, and no membrane-bound organelles.

eukaryotic cells

Cells with a complex structure, containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

specialized cells

Cells with specific structures adapted for particular functions.

red blood cells

Cells that transport oxygen throughout the body.

nerve cells (neurons)

Cells that transmit electrical signals between the brain and body.

muscle cells

Cells that contract to produce movement.

sperm cells

Cells that deliver male genetic material to the egg.

egg cells

Female reproductive cells that provide nutrients for early development.

organelles

Specialized structures within cells that perform specific functions.

cytoplasm

Jelly-like fluid inside the cell that holds organelles.

nucleus

The control center of the cell that contains DNA.

ribosomes

Organelle that synthesizes (produces) proteins.

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Network of membranes for transporting materials inside the cell.

golgi apparatus

Stack of membranes that modifies, packages, and transports proteins.

mitochondria

Organelles that produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

lysosomes

Organelles that digest materials using digestive enzymes.

vacuoles

Fluid-filled sacs for storing water, nutrients, and waste.

chloroplasts

Organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis.

cell wall

A protective structure found in plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria.

DNA

Contains genetic instructions for all cell activities.

chromosomes

Units of genetic material organized from DNA.

mitosis

The process of nuclear division that produces two identical daughter cells.

cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm resulting in two separate daughter cells.

asexual reproduction

Reproduction involving one parent, resulting in identical offspring.

sexual reproduction

Reproduction involving two parents, producing genetically unique offspring.

cancer

A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division.

tumor

A mass formed by uncontrolled cell growth.

benign tumor

Non-cancerous tumor that does not spread.

malignant tumor

Cancerous tumor that spreads to other tissues.

metastasis

The spread of cancer to other parts of the body.

tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.

epithelial tissue

Tissue that provides protection, absorption, and secretion.

muscle tissue

Tissue responsible for movement.

nervous tissue

Tissue that transmits electrical signals.

connective tissue

Tissue that supports, connects, and transports substances.

digestive system

System responsible for breaking down food into nutrients.

circulatory system

System that transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste.

respiratory system

System responsible for gas exchange.