Finals part 1 RHABSOVIRIDAE

What does “rhabdos” mean in Greek?

Rod

What is the shape of Rhabdoviridae in vertebrates?

Bullet- or conical-shaped

What is the shape of Rhabdoviridae in plants?

Baciliform

Where does Rhabdoviridae replicate?

Cytoplasm

How does Rhabdoviridae acquire its envelope?

Budding from the plasma membrane

What pH range is Rhabdoviridae stable in?

• 5-10 (alkaline)

At what temperature is Rhabdoviridae rapidly inactivated?

• 56°C

What other factors can inactivate Rhabdoviridae?

Lipid solvents, UV light, heating

What are the primary modes of Rhabdoviridae transmission?

• Bites of mammals

• Arthropod vectors

• Direct contact

• Environmental contaminatio

What is the most well-known virus in the genus Lyssavirus?

Rabies virus

Name one Lyssavirus closely related to Rabies virus.

Lagos bat virus (other possible answers: Mokola virus, Duvenhage virus, European bat lyssavirus 1 & 2, Australian bat lyssavirus)

Which Lyssavirus is found in Africa and named after a bat species?

Lagos bat virus

Which Lyssavirus was first identified in Australia?

• Australian bat lyssavirus

How many types of European bat lyssaviruses exist?

Two (European bat lyssavirus 1 & 2)

Which disease is caused by Genus Vesiculovirus?

Vesicular Stomatitis

Which virus belongs to the Genus Vesiculovirus besides Vesicular Stomatitis Virus?

Cocal virus

Which disease is associated with the Genus Ephemerovirus?

Bovine Ephemeral Fever

Which genus of Rhabdoviridae affects fish?

Novirhabdovirus, Perhabdovirus, Spirivirus

What does “Lyssa” mean in Greek?

Rage or fury

Which system of the body does rabies affect?

Central nervous system

What genotype is the Rabies virus?

Genotype 1

What percentage of human rabies cases result from rabid dog bites?

95%

Name one important reservoir of rabies in wildlife.

• Bats (other possible answers: raccoons, skunks, foxes)

What are the two epidemiologically important infectious cycles of rabies?

• Urban rabies in dogs

• Sylvatic rabies in wildlife

Besides bites, what other ways can rabies be transmitted?

Scratching and licking

2. Where is the rabies virus excreted in infected animals?

2. 
   

   • Saliva

3. What are the three clinical phases of rabies?

3. 
   

   • Prodromal phase

   • Furious (excitative) phase

   • Dumb (paralytic) phase

4. Which diagnostic test examines the brain for rabies virus using fluorescence?

4. 
   

   • Direct fluorescent antibody test (dFA test)

5. What are the intracytoplasmic inclusions associated with rabies?

5. 
   

   • Negri bodies

6. What is a molecular technique used for rabies diagnosis?

6. 
   

   • Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

7. Give one method of rabies control.

7. 
   

   • Vaccination (other possible answers: restriction of movement of dogs and cats, elimination of stray animals)

1. Which animals are affected by Vesicular Stomatitis Virus?

1. 
   

   • Cattle, pigs, horses

2. Which important disease must be differentiated from Vesicular Stomatitis?

2. 
   

   • Foot-and-mouth disease

3. Where can Vesicular Stomatitis Virus contaminate?

3. 
   

   • Water troughs

4. How long is the incubation period before lesions develop?

4. 
   

   • 1-5 days

5. What are the clinical signs of VSV in cattle and horses?

5. 
   

   • Excess salivation and fever

6. What is the main clinical sign of VSV in swine?

6. 
   

   • Lameness

1. Where do vesicles commonly form in cattle with VSV?

1. 
   

   • Tongue, oral mucosa, teats, coronary bands

2. What happens to vesicles after they rupture?

2. 
   

   • Form extensive ulcers and secondary infections

3. What symptoms do ulcers from VSV cause in affected animals?

3. 
   

   • Salivation, anorexia, lameness, rejection of suckling calves

4. Which part of the body is most affected in horses with VSV?

4. 
   

   • Tongue (ulceration/craterous lesions of entire tongue)

5. Where do vesicular lesions appear in swine with VSV?

5. 
   

   • Snout, coronary bands

6. insect that naturally transmits Vesicular Stomatitis Virus.

• 6. 
     

     • Sandflies (Lutzomyia spp.)

     • Blackflies (Simuliidae),

     • Midges (Culicoides), Mosquitoes (Culex nigripalpus),

     • Eye gnats (Hippelates spp.),

     • Houseflies (Musca domestica), Mites (Gigantolaelaps spp.)

1. How does VSV enter the body?

1. 
   

   • Through breaks in mucosa or skin

2. Where does VSV cause localized viral infection?

2. 
   

   • Epithelium of mucous membranes

3. What leads to the formation of vesicles in VSV infection?

3. 
   

   • Intraepithelial edema

4. Why should VSV diagnosis be performed in an authorized laboratory?

4. 
   

   • Indistinguishable from Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)

5. Which diagnostic tests are used to confirm VSV?

5. 
   

   • Virus isolation in cell culture, RT-PCR

6. Why is VSV a zoonotic concern?

6. 
   

   • Resembles influenza in humans

another name for Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus

1. 
   

   • 3-day stiff-sickness

2. Which animals are primarily affected by BEFV?

2. 
   

   • Cattle, water buffalo

3. Where are cases of BEFV commonly reported?

3. 
   

   • Tropical and subtropical zones

4. Which continents have no reported cases of BEFV?

4. 
   

   • North America, South America, Europe

5. What type of fever pattern is seen in BEFV?

5. 
   

   • Biphasic or polyphasic fever

6. What are three common clinical signs of BEFV?

6. 
   

   • Lameness, stiffness, severe drop in milk production

7. What is the morbidity rate of BEFV?
   

• 100%

8. During which seasons does BEFV commonly occur?

8. 
   

   • Summer, autumn (rainy season)

9. How is BEFV transmitted?

9. 
   

   • Arthropod vectors (Culicine and Anopheline mosquitoes)

10. What is the rapid diagnostic test for BEFV?

• Real-time RT-PCR

Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus

Synonym: Egtved

Systemic infection of several salmoniD

Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus

Observed in laboratory workers processing kidneys from

African green monkeys (imported from Uganda)

Severe hemorrhagic fever

Filoviridae Viruses

• Marburg virus

• Ebola Virus (Zaire virus)

• Sudan Virus

• Reston Virus (Reston, Virginia)– monkeys imported from

the Philippines

• Lloviu virus →Cuevaviru

Ebola Virus

(Zaire virus)

monkeys imported from

the Philippines

Reston Virus (Reston, Virginia)

Lloviu virus

Cuevavirus

What type of virus is Filoviridae

Nonsegmented negative-sense RNA viruses

Morphology of filoviridae

Pleomorphic, long, filamentous, U-shaped, circular

forms, “6”-shaped

Where does the filoviridae replicate well

primate cell cultures (Vero cells /

African green monkey kidney and Huh7 / human

liver cells)

inclusion bodies of filoviridae

Rapid cytopathology and large intracytoplasmic

transcriptioN Of filoviridae

Stuttering or stop/start transcriptioN

Highly lethal and feared zoonotic diseases

Marburg and Ebola Disease

increased incidence

Africa

Incubation of Marburg and Ebola Disease

4-10 days

Signs of Marburg and Ebola Disease

Abrupt onset of illness with nonspecific signs (fever, severe

headache, malaise and myalgia)

well-known characteristic manifestation Of Marburg and Ebola Disease

External hemorrhage

highly susceptible Host of Marburg and Ebola Disease

Nonhuman primates

Transmission among humans of Marburg and Ebola Disease

is through direct contact

with infected patients or their contaminated wastes

Where does Marburg and Ebola DiseaseAssociated with consumption

bush meaT