1.1 | 6123 LAB - Drug Information Resources: Basic Information Classification, Version 1

Drug Information

healthcare providers must be diligent about selecting and utilizing: high quality, accurate, reliable resources when researching DI requests

Drug Information: if HC providers are not diligent

providing inaccurate or outdated information may lead to suboptimal patient outcomes and harm.

Basic Information Classification

1. Tertiary Resources

2. Secondary Resources

3. Primary Resources

Classification: Tertiary Resources

info summarized by an author or editor

Tertiary Resources: Systematic Search

Most appropriate and efficient first step to finding information (overview and general information)

Tertiary Resources: Examples (4)

1. Textbooks

2. compendia

3. review articles

4. clinical practice guidelines

Classification: Secondary Resources

provide access to primary (e.g., clinical trials) and some tertiary (e.g., narrative reviews) literature

Secondary Resources: Systematic Search

After evaluation found in tertiary resources, find additional resources to gain more insight on the topic

Secondary Resources: Types (2)

1. Paid subscription

2. Free subscription

Secondary Resources: Paid subscription (4)

1. EBSCOhost

2. Excerpta Medica

3. International Pharmaceutical Abstracts

4. Ovid MEDLINE®

Secondary Resources: Free subscription (2)

PubMed

Google Scholar

Classification: Primary Resources

research studies and case reports of original findings

Primary Resources: Systematic Search

Provide the most in-depth information about a topic

Primary Resources: Examples (4)

1. Journal articles

2. clinical studies

3. epidemiological studies

4. cost analyses

Tertiary Resources

- initial place to identify information giving a fairly complete and concise overview of information

- Most of the basic information can be found here

- first-line resources when dealing with a DI question

Tertiary Resources: Advantages (2)

1. Easy access

2. Easy to use

Tertiary Resources: Disadvantages (2)

1. lack depth and detail

2. not be up-to-date

Tertiary Literature: Types of Inquiry, Pt. 1 (8)

1. General Product Information

2. Adverse Effects

3. Availability of Dosage Forms

4. Compounding/Formulations

5. Dietary Supplements

6. Drug Interactions

7. Geriatric Dosage Recommendations

8. Pediatric Dosage Recommendations

General Product Information: Materials (5)

1. Handbook of Non-prescription drugs: An interactive approach to Self-care

2. Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)

3. USP Dictionary

4. Epocrates

5. IBM® Micromedex® IBM Watson Health

Epocrates

Designed for physicians about information that they tend to forget

Adverse Effects: Materials (2)

1. Meyler's Side Effect of Drugs

2. Side Effect of Drug Annual

Availability of Dosage Forms: Materials (3)

1. American Drug Index

2. Red Book

3. MIMS

Compounding/Formulations: Materials (6)

1. Extemporaneous Formulations for Pediatric, Geriatric and Special Need Patients

2. Merck Index

3. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy

4. A Practical Guide to Contemporary Pharmacy Practice

5. Trissel's Stability of Compounded Formulation

6. USP/NF (other Pharmacopeia/s)

+ 7. Allen's Compounded Formulations

Allen's Compounded Formulations

- author: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

- book for extemporaneous compounding

Trissel's Stability of Compounded Formulation: AKA

Handbook on Injectable Drugs

Dietary Supplements: Materials (5)

1. Natural Medicine Comprehensive Database

2. Natural Standard

3. PDR for Herbal Medicines

4. Review of Natural Products

5. Trease and Evan's Pharmacognosy

Drug Interactions: Materials (3)

1. Hansten and Horn's Drug Interaction Analysis and Management

2. Drug Interaction Facts (integrated with F&C)

3. Food Medication Interaction

Geriatric Dosage Recommendations: Materials (2)

1. Geriatric Dosage Handbook

2. The Merck Manual of Geriatrics

Geriatric Dosage Recommendations: Which is more RECOMMENDED?

Geriatric Dosage Handbook

- more updated

Pediatric Dosage Recommendations: Materials (2)

1. Pediatric Dosage Handbook

2. The Harriet Lane Handbook

Ident-A-Drug

- Organized information based on imprint codes

- Identifies drugs based on codes

- Provides summarized descriptions of drug

drugs.com / rxlist.com

- Free and easily accessed via mobile devices

- Easy-to-use imprint search for drugs

King Guide to Parenteral Admixtures

- IV drug monographs

- Focus content on compatibility; limited stability content

Trissel's 2 Clinical Pharmaceutics Database

- Compiles data from Trissel publication

- Information on parenteral admixtures, compounded formulation, physical compatibility, and chemotherapy formulation

Tertiary Literature: Types of Inquiry, Pt. 2 (8)

1. International Drug Equivalency

2. Pharmacokinetic

3. Pharmacology

4. Pharmacy Law

5. Teratogenicity and Lactation

6. Therapy Evaluation/Drug of Choices

7. Toxicology

8. Veterinary Medicine

International Drug Equivalency: Materials (2)

1. Index Nominum: Int'l Drug Directory

2. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference

Pharmacokinetic: Materials (2)

1. Basic Clinical Pharmacokinetics

2. Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacology: Materials (4)

1. Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

2. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology

3. Brody's Human Pharmacology: Molecular to Clinical

4. Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications

Pharmacy Law: Materials (2)

1. Pharmacy Practice and Law

2. Jurisprudence by N. Tubon

Teratogenicity and Lactation: Materials (2)

1. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation (Brigg's)

2. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents

Therapy Evaluation/Drug of Choices: Materials (8)

1. Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs

2. Goldman Cecil's Medicine

3. Harrison's Principle of Internal Medicine

4. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy

5. Medscape

6. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiology Approach

7. Pharmacotherapy Principles and Practice

8. Textbook of Therapeutics

Toxicology: Materials (2)

1. Casarett and Doulle's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poison

2. Goldfranks's Toxicological Emergencies

Veterinary Medicine: Materials (4)

1. Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook

2. Textbook on Veterinary Internal Medicine

3. Pet Place

4. Pet with Diabetes

Secondary Resources

provide access to and make it easy to find primary (e.g., clinical trials) and some tertiary (e.g., narrative reviews) literature found in journals

Secondary Resources: Indexing & Abstracting

directs users to relevant primary literature

Secondary Resources helps (2)

1. practitioner keep abreast of recently published information

2. find more recent or detailed information on treatment or disease

Secondary Resource: I.A.D.

Indexing

Abstracting

Databases

Indexing

- contains bibliographic information e.g. title, author, citation of the article

- Medline, Embase

Abstracting

- contains bibliographic information and abstract (short description)

- International and Pharmaceutical Abstracts

Databases (5)

1. Pubmed

2. OVID

3. CINAHL

4. Cochrane Library

5. Google Scholar

Search Stratregies (5)

1. Identify keywords

2. Boolean operators: and, or, not

3. Use limit fields

4. Address all possible search phrases

5. Use filters

1. Identify keywords

- recognize that different databases may require the use of different search terms

- otherwise, miss a number of pertinent references

1. Identify keywords: Medical Subject Heading (MeSH)

indexing terms to ensure that searches retrieve the most appropriate content

3. Use limit fields: Examples (3)

1. language

2. publication year

3. type of journal

4. Address all possible search phrases

spelling or disease states that change over time

5. Use filters: Types (2)

1. Content Filter

2. Validity Filter

Content Filter

filters output to a specific drug or disease state

Validity Filter

filters output to the highest quality of studies

Secondary Resource Materials (14)

1. BIOSIS Previews

2. CANCERLIT

3. CINAHL

4. Cochrane Library

5. Currents Content Connect

6. EMBASE

7. Google Scholar

8. International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA)

9. IOWA Drug Information System

(IDIS)

10. Journal Watch

11. LEXISNEXIS

12. MEDLINE

13. Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Weekly

14. Reactions Weekly

BIOSIS Previews (3)

1. comprehensive database for biological information

2. abstracts from conference relating to basic science

3. activity of compound on a cellular level

CANCERLIT (2)

1. indexes literature about cancer

2. oncology therapy and quality of life (QOL) issues

CINAHL stands for

Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature

CINAHL (2)

1. Indexes fields of nursing and allied health

2. information for patient care from allied health perspective

Cochrane Library (3)

1. indexes medical literature, conditions and alternative therapies

2. abstract of international systematic reviews

3. bibliography of systematic review from worldwide literature

Currents Content Connect (3)

1. overview of recently published literature

2. covers clinical medicine and life science

3. news on recent drug research and development

EMBASE (3)

1. covers biomedical literature

2. fast updates and less lag time for information

3. some information on dietary supplements/medication in other countries

Google Scholar (2)

1. scholarly literature available online

2. may not provide full access to some materials

International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) (2)

1. drug-related content: drug use and development

2. pharmacy education: pharmacy administration and clinical services

IOWA Drug Information System (IDIS) (3)

1. full-text article about biomedical literature

2. indexing is by drug- and disease-specific terms;

3. contains information on standard medication

Journal Watch (2)

1. recently summarized information by physicians from medical literature

2. clinical trials involving specific medication

LEXISNEXIS

contains legal, medical, and business news

MEDLINE (2)

1. contains information on basic and clinical science (e.g. nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine)

2. offers a variety of literature in different languages

Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Weekly (2)

1. economic use of health care resources

2. information on prescribing trends, health care news, and regulatory update

Reactions Weekly (2)

1. information on ADEs, drug dependance, and toxicology data

2. case reports of ADRs and drug safety

Primary Resources

- clinical studies and reports, published or unpublished

- Completely first-hand information about the findings for a specific topic.

- Allows the user to personally assess the quality of information provided.

Primary Literature

"Original research" reports of data

Primary Literature: Article Types (5)

1. clinical trials

2. cohort studies

3. case-control studies

4. case series

5. case report

Primary Literature: Advantages (3)

1. detailed information

2. personal assessment of validity and applicability of the study

3. more recent data compared to the type of resources

Primary Literature: Disadvantage (3)

1. misleading conclusion

2. requires good skills on medical literature evaluation

3. time-consuming to evaluate large volumes of literature

Alternative Resources

Internet searches

Internet searches

- starting point for questions about uncommon diseases, new terms, drugs in development, and marketed OTC and dietary supplements

- Helpful for topics recently published in the news or specific product claims from manufacturer

- Requires careful validation of information

Internet searches: Examples (4)

1. News network websites

2. Experts in the field or persons performing in the area

3. Organization affiliated with disease states

4. Product manufacturer