Chapter 1: Terminology, Positioning, and Imaging Principles

Circulatory

Which one of the following systems distributes oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body?

Digestive

Which one of the following systems maintains the acid-base balance in the body?

Periosteum

Which portion of the long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?

Epithelial, Muscular, Connective, Nervous

List the four basic types of tissues in the body?

Skeletal, Nervous, Muscular, Integumentary, Endocrine, Reproductive, Digestive, Urinary, Respiratory, and Circulatory

List the ten systems of the human body.

Digestive System

Eliminates solid waste from the body

Skeletal System

Supports and protects many soft tissues of the body

Circulatory System

Helps regulate body temperature

Respiratory System

Eliminates carbon dioxide from blood

Urinary System

Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and volume

Nervous System

Regulates body activities with electrical impulses

Muscular System

Maintains posture

Endocrine System

Regulates bodily activities through various hormones

Integumentary System

Receives stimuli, such as temperature, pressure, and pain

True

One of the six functions of the circulatory system is to protect against disease

False

The scapula is part of the of the axial skeleton

True

The skull is part of the axial skeleton

True

The pelvis is part of the appendicular skeleton

Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular

List the four classifications of bone:

Compact Bone

The outer covering of a long bone, which is composed of a dense, fibrous membrane, is called what?

Spongy or Cancellous Bone

Which aspect of long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?

Periosteum

Which aspect of the long bone is essential for the bone growth, repair, and nutrition?

Diaphysis

Primary growth center for long bones

Epiphysis

Secondary growth center for long bones

Metaphysis

What is the wider portion of a long bone in which bone growth occurs in length

Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis

List the three functional classifications of joints

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

List the three structural classifications of joints

First carpometacarpal of thumb

Synovial Joint

Roots around teeth

Fibrous Joint

Proximal radioulnar joint

Synovial Joint

Skull sutures

Fibrous Joint

Epipyses

Cartilaginous Joint

Interphalangeal joints

Synovial Joint

Distal tibiofibular joint

Fibrous Joint

Intervertebral disk space

Cartilaginous Joint

Symphysis Pubis

Cartilaginous Joint

Hip Joint

Synovial Joint

Plane and Gliding

Ginglymus (Hinge)

Trochoid (Pivot)

Ellipsoid (Condylar)

Sellar (Saddle)

Spheroidal (Ball and Socket)

Bicondylar

List the seven types of movement for synovial joints

First carpometacarpal joint

Sellar (Saddle)

Elbow joint

Ginglymus (Hinge)

Shoulder joint

Spheroidal (Ball and Socket)

Intercarpal joint

Plane

Wrist joint

Ellipsoidal (Condylar)

Temporomandibular joint

Bicondylar

First and second cervical vertebra joint

Trochoidal (Pivot)

Second interphalangeal joint

Ginglymus (Hinge)

Distal radioulnar joint

Trochoidal (Pivot)

Ankle joint

Sellar (Saddle)

Knee joint

Bicondylar

Third metacarpophalangeal joint

Ellipsoid (Condylar)

Radiograph

An image of a patient's anatomic part(s) as produced by the actions of the x-rays on an image receptor.

Central Ray

The aspect of an x-ray bean that has the least divergence (unless there is angulation)

Anatomical Position

An upright position with the arms abducted, palms forward, and head and feet directed straight ahead

Midsagittal Plane

The vertical plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts

Transverse Plane

A plane taken at right angles along any point of the longitudinal axis of the body

True

The base plane of the skull is a plane located between the infraorbital margin of the orbit and the superior margin of the external auditory meatus

False

The Frankfort horizontal plane is also referred to as the midcoronal plane

Projection

The direction or path of the central ray define the following positioning term

Position

The positioning term that describes the general and specific body position is:

True

Oblique and lateral positions are described according to the side of the body closest to the IR

True

Decubitus positions always use a horizontal x-ray beam

Lateral

What is the name of the position in which the body is turned 90 degrees from a true AP or PA projection?

Left Posterior Oblique

A patient is erect with the back to the IR. The left side of the body is turned 45 degrees toward the IR. What is the position?

Right Anterior Oblique

A patient is recumbent facing the IR. The right side of the body is turned 15 degrees toward the IR. What is the position?

Dorsal Decubitus (Left Lateral)

The patient is lying on their side. The x-ray beam is directed horizontally and enters the right side of the body and exits the left side of the body. An IR is placed against the left side of the patient. What specific body position has been used?

Right Lateral

The patient is erect with the right side of the body against the IR. The x-ray beam enters the left side and exits the right side of the body. What specific position has been performed?

Left Lateral Decubitus (PA)

A patient is lying on the left side on a cart. The x-ray beam is directed horizontally and enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior aspect of the body. The IR is against the anterior surface. What specific position has been formed?

Palmar

Palm of the hand

Posterior

Back half of the patient

Anterior

Front half of the patient

Plantar

Posterior aspect of the foot

Dorsum pedis

Top or anterior surface of the foot

Trendelenburg

Position in which the head is lower than the feet

Erect

An upright position

Supine

Lying on the back facing upward

Recumbent

Lying down in any position

Fowler's

Position in which the head is higher than the feet

AP

What is the name of the projection in which the CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface?

Axial projection

A projection using a CR angle of 10 degrees or more directed parallel along the long axis of the body or body part is termed?

Lordotic Position

The specific position that demonstrates the apices of the lungs, without superimposition of the clavicles, is termed?

True

Radiographic "view" is not a correct positioning term in the United States.

False

The term varus describes the bending of a part outward.

Anteroposterior

Projection

Prone

Position

Trendelenburg

Position

Left Posterior Oblique

Position

Left Lateral Chest

Position

Mediolateral Ankle

Projection

Tangential

Projection

Lordotic

Position

Inferosuperior Axial

Projection

Left Lateral Decubitus

Position

Flexion

The opposite of extension is

Ulnar deviation

The opposite of radial deviation is

Dorsiflexion

The opposite of plantar flexion is

Eversion

The opposite of inversion is

Lateral (external) rotation

The opposite of medial (internal) rotation is

Abduction

The opposite of adduction is

Supination

The opposite of pronation is

Retraction

The opposite of protraction is