AP Human Geography Midterm Review: Units 1, 2, and 3

Unit 1: Thinking Geographically

Focus: Understanding how geographers think, collect, and interpret spatial data

What are the 2 types of maps?

reference vs. thematic maps

Reference Map

a map that displays the location of geographical areas, including their boundaries, names, and significant physical features : political and physical

Thematic Map

A type of map that displays a set of data by using different methods : dot-density, choropleth, isoline, graduated symbol, cartogram,

Dot-Density

Dots are clustered in areas that have are more dense in the type of data represented

Choropleth

Maps that are colored in specific regions based on the key given about the data

Isoline

a map that uses lines to connect points of equal value, or isolines, to represent numerical data and show geographical patterns

Graduated Symbol

Maps that show symbols getting bigger/smaller based on the data given

Cartogram

a map that distorts the size of regions to represent a variable,

Quantitive Data

data based on number

Qualitative Data

data based on descriptions, can be found through surveys

Remote Sensing

Data that is found but the method it is found is controlled from a different area : like drones capturing pictures wherever in the world

Possibilism

The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.

Environmental determinism

the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life

Regionalism

Refers to a groups perceived identification with a particular region

formal region

area marked by the same trait

functional region

region marked by a particular set of activities : is set by node or center of an area

perceptual/vernacular region

region that is set by stereotypes or ideas

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

Theory that states countries do not exist in isolation but a part of intertwined system in which countries are dependent on other countries : Core - Periphery Model

core

countries where economic power is concentrated to control and benefit from the global market on which (semi)/periphery depend on

semi-periphery

countries that exert more power in the world economy than the periphery are dominated by some degree by the core

periphery

Low levels of economic productivity and disproportionately small share of the worlds wealth with weaker state institutions, lower standard of living and are often dependent on the core

primary sector

- economic activity that involves extracting (raw materials) or harvesting (food) products
- gathering industries (renewable resources): agriculture, forestry, hunting and gathering, fishing, grazing
- extractive industries (nonrenewable resources): mining, quarrying

secondary sector

economic activity that processes raw materials and transforms them into finished goods e.g. manufacturing industries

tertiary sector

economic activity that provides services
e.g. health, legal, education, restaurants, stores

quaternary sector

economic activity that involves collecting, processing & manipulation of information & capital
e.g. finance, insurance, computer services

quinary sector

economic activity consisting of high-level decision making and advancement of human capacities e.g. scientific research, higher education, government

online mapping and visualization

compilation and publication of web sites that providegraphical and text information in the form of maps/visuals
e.g. homicide statistics

absolute location

describes the precise location of a place using the Earth's Graticule (latitude & longitude)
e.g. Palm Beach Gardens = 26°49′43′′N 80°06′36′′W

relative location

describes the location of a place relative to other human and physical features
e.g. Palm Beach Gardens = north of West Palm Beach, south of Jupiter

time space convergence

term that refers to the greatly accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the 20th century made possible by technological innovations
e.g. TV, internet, satellite communication

spatial scale

analyzing data at a variety of scales - global, regional, national, local
location of French speakers
global: in the world
regional: in North America
national: in Canada
local: in Quebec

Unit 2:

Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

human factors

human factors psychologists

physical factors

climate, landforms, water bodies

ecumene

the habitable parts of the world
e.g. along fertile rivers, plains

conflicts that cause migration

global: in the world
regional: in Southwest Asia
national: in Syria
local: in Aleppo

population density

measure of total population relative to land size

arithmetic population density:

measure of the number of people within a given area divided by the total land area

physiologic population density:

measure of the number of people per arable (farmable) land

agricultural population density

measure of the number of farmers per arable land

population distribution and population density

next 3 terms!!

political

more laws, cities greater power/influence

economic

more jobs, higher tax base, increase in poverty

social

more education, more health care, greater diversity (language/culture), more crime

population distribution and population density : how it affect the environment

next 2 terms!

environment:

deforestation, less space/room, pollution, natural resource depletion

carrying capacity

the number of people an area can sustain without critically straining its resources

sex ratio

number of males per every 100 females in a population

population pyramids shapes to represent growth

next 4 terms!

rapid growth

distinguished by a wide base (population pyramid)

stable/slow growth

characterized by a rectangular shape (MDCs)

declining/negative growth

the base is smaller than previous cohorts

disrupted growth

significant gaps in the pyramid, usually as a result of war, strict population policies, or other drastic events

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49)

birth rate:

number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)

replacement fertility level

2.1 (slightly higher than 2.0 to account for infant/childhood mortality/childless women)

infant mortality rate:

number of deaths during the 1st year of life (per 1000)

child mortality rate:

number of deaths of between the ages of 1 and 5 (per 1000)

maternal mortality rate

number of deaths during or shortly after childbirth (per 100,000)

emigration (out migration)

describes movement out of a particular place

immigration (in migration)

describes movement into a particular place

transnational migration

migration across national boundaries

internal migration

migration within national boundaries

natural increase

birth rate minus death rate

population doubling time

the length of time for a population to double in size

demographic momentum

population growth continues despite rapid decrease in fertility rates because of a high concentration of people in their childbearing years

factors that influence fertility, mortality, and migration rates

next 4 terms!

social:

gender empowerment, attitudes about family planning, contraception, marrying age and family size

cultural

religion/morality, ethnicity, values/attitudes, gender empowerment

political

government policies, gender empowerment, conflicts/war

economic

MDC/LDC, education level, employment opportunity, nutrition, health care, gender empowerment

Demographic Transition Model

describes the relationship between population and the development of a country and can be used to explain population change over time

Stage 1

pre-industrialization (no industries)
birth rates are high & death rates are high = low population growth

Stage 2

developing country (industrializing) birth rates are high & death rates begin to drop = population increases(Afghanistan, Kenya)

Stage 3

developing country (industrializing) birth rates begin to drop and death rates drop = population levels off (Brazil)

Stage 4

developed country (post industrialization)
birth rates are low and death rates are low = population stabilizes(U.S., U.K.)
ZPG - Zero population growth (birth and deaths cancel out)

Stage 5

developed country (post industrialization)birth rates are very low and death rates are low = population declines(Germany, Japan, Italy)

issues with Demographic Transition Model

describes the demographic history of Europe (England)
- countries in the developing world today go through the stages
- Faster because of the diffusion of technology and medical knowledge

epidemiologic transition (mortality revolution)

increase in population due to medical innovation (modern medicine) causing a decrease in the death rate

population explosion:

the very great and continuing increase in human population in modern times
•in the past 200 years: an increase of more than 5.5 billion people
•world population is projected to reach approximately 9 billion by 2050

Neo-Malthusians - a modern take on Malthus theory

as populations continue to grow, depletion of nonrenewable resources and increased pollution will endanger water and food resources, leading to a population catastrophe (environmental determinism)

pro vs anti natalist population policies

policies that provide incentives for women to have children : typically in countries with declining populations VS policies that encourage couples to limit the number of children

factors that have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world

- changing social values (role of women/gender empowerment)
- access to education
- employment
- political empowerment
- health care and contraception

Ravenstein's laws of migration (1885):

- every migration flow generates a return migration flow
- most migrants move a short distance
- migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big
-city destinations
- most migrants are from rural areas
- migration is caused mostly by economic reasons

aging index

the number of people age 65 and older per 100 children ages 0-14

consequences of an aging population

next 5 terms!

aging population

an increasing median age in the population due to declining fertility rates/rising life expectancy
e.g. graying of America, graying of Japan

social consequences

impact on family life, providing for elder care

economic consequences:

slower economic growth, fewer workers to contribute to the tax base, more people collecting pension benefits, increased health care costs

political consequences:

policy responses to counter effects of aging population (pro-natalist policies)

dependency ratio:

a measure of the economic impact of younger and older cohorts on the economically productive membersof a population

Lee's Model of Migration

the process of push and pull factors creating a migration stream from one place to another which can be influenced by intervening obstacles and opportunities

Migration Transition Model

Wilbur Zelinsky's model explaining the type of migration that occurs in each stage of theDemographic Transition

Stage 1

Daily and seasonal migration for food, water, safety

Stage 2

International migration to urban areas for better economic opportunities (Stage 2 countries to Stage 4/5 countries)

Stage 3

Internal migration from rural to urban areasfor economic opportunities

Stage 4 and 5

internal migration from urban to urban areas

refugee

individuals, protected by law, who cross national boundaries to seek safety from armed conflict or persecution

asylum seeker

individuals who flee their home country and applies for protection, but their request for sanctuary has yet to be processed, once processed, they are either given refugee status or refused and returned to their home country