BIOL 261: CH. 32 - VECTORBORNE AND SOILBORNE BACTERIAL AND VIRAL DISEASES

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Enzootic

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an endemic disease present in an animal population

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Epizootic

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an epidemic disease present in an animal population

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156 Terms

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Enzootic

an endemic disease present in an animal population

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Epizootic

an epidemic disease present in an animal population

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Gas Gangrene

tissue destruction due to the growth of proteolytic and gas-producing clostridia

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Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

an emerging, acute disease characterized by pneumonia and caused by rodent hantavirus

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Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)

an emerging, acute disease characterized by shock and kidney failure and caused by rodent hantavirus

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Lyme disease

a tick-transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi

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Plague

an enzootic disease in rodents that is caused by Yersinia pestis and can be transferred to humans through the bite of a flea

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Rabies

a usually fatal (if untreated) neurological disease caused by the rabies virus, which is typically transmitted by the bite or saliva of an infected animal

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Rickettsias

obligate intracellular bacteria of the genus Rickettsia and related genera responsible for diseases including typhus, spotted fever rickettsiosis, and ehrlichiosis

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Spotted fever rickettsiosis

a tick-transmitted disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, characterized by fever, headache, rash, and gastrointestinal symptoms; also called Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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Tetanus

a disease characterized by rigid paralysis of the voluntary muscles, caused by an exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani

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Typhus

a louse-transmitted disease caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, characterized by fever, headache, weakness, rash, and damage to the central nervous system and internal organs

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West Nile Fever

a neurological disease caused by West Nile virus, a virus transmitted by mosquitoes from birds to humans

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Zoonosis

any disease that occurs primarily in animals but can be transmitted to humans

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What is zoonosis?

A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans

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What is an example of a zoonotic disease?

Rabies

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What animals are reservoirs for rabies in the United States?

Raccoons, skunks, coyotes, foxes, and bats

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What virus causes rabies?

Rhabdovirus

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What type of virus is a rhabdovirus?

A negative strand RNA virus

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What must happen before a negative strand RNA virus can be translated?

It has to be copied

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How does rhabdovirus enter and spread through the body?

Through a bite, then the virus enters the blood and grows in the brain (hypothalamus)

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What are two symptoms of rhabdovirus infection?

Foaming at the mouth, muscle spasms in the throat

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What are Negri bodies?

Cytoplasmic inclusions containing the virus in brain cells

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What is a method of preventing rhabdovirus infection?

Vaccine to develop antibodies against the virus

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What type of immunization involves giving preformed antibodies to a person?

Passive immunization

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Where are shots of antirhabdovirus antibody typically given during passive immunization?

At the site of the bite

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What do macrophages do after passive immunization with antirhabdovirus antibody?

Phagocytize the antigen or virus

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What is the shape of the Rhabdovirus capsid?

Bullet-shaped

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What type of virus is used in bait vaccines for wild animals?

Rhabdovirus

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What is the purpose of a rhabdovirus bait vaccine?

To immunize wild animals

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What causes both syndromes associated with hantaviruses?

Hantavirus-infected rodents

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How are hantaviruses transmitted?

Rodent urine and aerosols

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What part of the body do hantaviruses infect and damage?

The lungs

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What serious condition can hantavirus infection lead to?

Hemorrhagic fever (bleeding out)

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What tool is used to visualize viruses?

Electron microscopy

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Do viruses require a host to replicate?

Yes

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How are viruses typically diagnosed?

By indirect methods like ELISA and PCR

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What indicates a viral infection in indirect diagnosis?

Increased antibody (Ab) titer

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What animals are commonly infected by hantaviruses?

Rodents including mice, rats, voles, and lemmings

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How is hantavirus most commonly transmitted to humans?

By inhalation of virus-contaminated rodent excreta

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What are rickettsias?

Small bacteria with a strict intracellular existence in vertebrates

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Where does growth of rickettsias primarily occur in animals?

In phagocytes such as macrophages

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What type of organism is a rickettsia?

A bacterium that requires a host

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Are rickettsias free-living organisms?

No, they are not free-living

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Which bacteria are rickettsias similar to?

Chlamydia

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How are rickettsias spread?

By lice

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How do lice transmit rickettsias to humans?

Lice bite and create a wound, then defecate in the wound, allowing bacteria to enter the body

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How is Rickettsia prowazekii transmitted?

By the bite of a body or head louse contaminated with louse feces

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What is Rickettsia rickettsii transmitted by?

Dog and wood ticks

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What is the usual outcome of treatment for ehrlichiosis and tickborne anaplasmosis?

Treatment with antibiotics is usually successful

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What are the best measures for reducing the chances of exposure to ehrlichiosis and tickborne anaplasmosis?

Avoiding hosts and using insect repellents

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What does the "Q" in Q fever stand for?

Query

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What type of symptoms does Q fever cause?

Pneumonia-like symptoms

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What organism causes Q fever?

Coxiella burnetii

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What kind of pathogen is Coxiella burnetii?

An intracellular pathogen

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To what group of bacteria is Coxiella burnetii related?

Rickettsias

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What causes Lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi

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What type of bacteria is Borrelia burgdorferi?

Spirochete

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What shape is the chromosome of Borrelia burgdorferi?

Linear

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Where was Lyme disease first identified?

Old Lyme, Connecticut

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Is Borrelia burgdorferi gram-positive or gram-negative?

Gram-negative

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Can Borrelia burgdorferi grow in culture?

No

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What is the reservoir for Borrelia burgdorferi?

Deer

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What is the vector that transmits Borrelia burgdorferi to humans?

Tick

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What classic symptom is associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection?

Bull's eye rash

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What is a common treatment for Lyme disease in its early stages?

Antibiotics

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What transmits yellow fever?

Mosquito bites

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What is the vector for yellow fever?

Mosquitoes

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How is dengue fever transmitted?

By mosquito bites

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What is the most common vectorborne disease in humans?

Dengue fever

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What disease can be transmitted from mother to fetus and cause severe neurological problems in the developing embryo, such as microcephaly?

Zika disease.

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What is the result of Zika infection in a developing embryo?

It can cause microcephaly, or a pathological small head.

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What is the primary method of transmission for West Nile virus?

Mosquito bites.

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What animals serve as reservoirs for the West Nile virus?

Horses and birds.

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Are humans considered a dead-end host for the West Nile virus?

Yes, humans are a dead-end host, meaning the virus does not spread further from humans.

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Is West Nile endemic in both birds and mosquitoes across the United States?

Yes, West Nile is now endemic in both birds and mosquitoes across the United States.

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What are fleas in relation to the spread of plague?

Fleas are intermediate hosts and vectors that spread plague between mammalian hosts.

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What is Yersinia pestis?

Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative rod that causes plague, also known as the Black Death, through exotoxins that lead to tissue death.

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What role do fleas play in the spread of Yersinia pestis?

Fleas act as intermediate hosts and vectors, carrying the bacteria and allowing it to grow within them.

  • They then spread the pathogen from host to host.

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What produces dark splotches on the skin and eventual tissue necrosis, giving plague its historical name, the "Black Death"?

Local hemorrhages.

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What is it called when an organism is growing all throughout the body, spreading from the blood?

Sepsis.

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What is the relationship between humans and the plague?

Humans are accidental hosts.

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Who first isolated the causative agent of anthrax?

Robert Koch

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What type of bacterium causes anthrax?

Bacillus anthracis

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What shape are Bacillus anthracis bacteria?

Gram-positive rods

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What type of environment does Bacillus anthracis thrive in?

Aerobic

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What feature of Bacillus anthracis allows it to survive?

Endospores

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What does a gram stain reveal about Bacillus anthracis?

The bacteria appear clear

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What is the result of a spore stain for Bacillus anthracis?

Bacteria appear red, spores appear green

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What is Bacillus anthracis primarily associated with?

Farm animals.

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How do endospores enhance the ability to disseminate Bacillus anthracis?

Endospores allow Bacillus anthracis to spread more effectively.

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Can Bacillus anthracis be treated with antibiotics?

Yes, if done early.

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What is the characteristic of cutaneous anthrax?

It involves a break in the skin.

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Where do the endospores of Bacillus anthracis come from in cutaneous anthrax?

They come from the soil.

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What can the soil contain that may contribute to Bacillus anthracis contamination?

Soil may contain dead animals.

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How does contaminated pasture land contribute to Bacillus anthracis spread?

It increases the number of spores in the soil.

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What happens when a cut is exposed to spores of Bacillus anthracis?

The spores germinate into vegetative cells and produce exotoxins, causing tissue damage.

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Can endospores of Bacillus anthracis be in powder form?

Yes, they can.

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What is the capsule of Bacillus anthracis made of?

Protein

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What causes tetanus?

Tetanus is caused by an exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani.