Enzootic
an endemic disease present in an animal population
Epizootic
an epidemic disease present in an animal population
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Enzootic
an endemic disease present in an animal population
Epizootic
an epidemic disease present in an animal population
Gas Gangrene
tissue destruction due to the growth of proteolytic and gas-producing clostridia
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
an emerging, acute disease characterized by pneumonia and caused by rodent hantavirus
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)
an emerging, acute disease characterized by shock and kidney failure and caused by rodent hantavirus
Lyme disease
a tick-transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
Plague
an enzootic disease in rodents that is caused by Yersinia pestis and can be transferred to humans through the bite of a flea
Rabies
a usually fatal (if untreated) neurological disease caused by the rabies virus, which is typically transmitted by the bite or saliva of an infected animal
Rickettsias
obligate intracellular bacteria of the genus Rickettsia and related genera responsible for diseases including typhus, spotted fever rickettsiosis, and ehrlichiosis
Spotted fever rickettsiosis
a tick-transmitted disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, characterized by fever, headache, rash, and gastrointestinal symptoms; also called Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Tetanus
a disease characterized by rigid paralysis of the voluntary muscles, caused by an exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani
Typhus
a louse-transmitted disease caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, characterized by fever, headache, weakness, rash, and damage to the central nervous system and internal organs
West Nile Fever
a neurological disease caused by West Nile virus, a virus transmitted by mosquitoes from birds to humans
Zoonosis
any disease that occurs primarily in animals but can be transmitted to humans
What is zoonosis?
A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans
What is an example of a zoonotic disease?
Rabies
What animals are reservoirs for rabies in the United States?
Raccoons, skunks, coyotes, foxes, and bats
What virus causes rabies?
Rhabdovirus
What type of virus is a rhabdovirus?
A negative strand RNA virus
What must happen before a negative strand RNA virus can be translated?
It has to be copied
How does rhabdovirus enter and spread through the body?
Through a bite, then the virus enters the blood and grows in the brain (hypothalamus)
What are two symptoms of rhabdovirus infection?
Foaming at the mouth, muscle spasms in the throat
What are Negri bodies?
Cytoplasmic inclusions containing the virus in brain cells
What is a method of preventing rhabdovirus infection?
Vaccine to develop antibodies against the virus
What type of immunization involves giving preformed antibodies to a person?
Passive immunization
Where are shots of antirhabdovirus antibody typically given during passive immunization?
At the site of the bite
What do macrophages do after passive immunization with antirhabdovirus antibody?
Phagocytize the antigen or virus
What is the shape of the Rhabdovirus capsid?
Bullet-shaped
What type of virus is used in bait vaccines for wild animals?
Rhabdovirus
What is the purpose of a rhabdovirus bait vaccine?
To immunize wild animals
What causes both syndromes associated with hantaviruses?
Hantavirus-infected rodents
How are hantaviruses transmitted?
Rodent urine and aerosols
What part of the body do hantaviruses infect and damage?
The lungs
What serious condition can hantavirus infection lead to?
Hemorrhagic fever (bleeding out)
What tool is used to visualize viruses?
Electron microscopy
Do viruses require a host to replicate?
Yes
How are viruses typically diagnosed?
By indirect methods like ELISA and PCR
What indicates a viral infection in indirect diagnosis?
Increased antibody (Ab) titer
What animals are commonly infected by hantaviruses?
Rodents including mice, rats, voles, and lemmings
How is hantavirus most commonly transmitted to humans?
By inhalation of virus-contaminated rodent excreta
What are rickettsias?
Small bacteria with a strict intracellular existence in vertebrates
Where does growth of rickettsias primarily occur in animals?
In phagocytes such as macrophages
What type of organism is a rickettsia?
A bacterium that requires a host
Are rickettsias free-living organisms?
No, they are not free-living
Which bacteria are rickettsias similar to?
Chlamydia
How are rickettsias spread?
By lice
How do lice transmit rickettsias to humans?
Lice bite and create a wound, then defecate in the wound, allowing bacteria to enter the body
How is Rickettsia prowazekii transmitted?
By the bite of a body or head louse contaminated with louse feces
What is Rickettsia rickettsii transmitted by?
Dog and wood ticks
What is the usual outcome of treatment for ehrlichiosis and tickborne anaplasmosis?
Treatment with antibiotics is usually successful
What are the best measures for reducing the chances of exposure to ehrlichiosis and tickborne anaplasmosis?
Avoiding hosts and using insect repellents
What does the "Q" in Q fever stand for?
Query
What type of symptoms does Q fever cause?
Pneumonia-like symptoms
What organism causes Q fever?
Coxiella burnetii
What kind of pathogen is Coxiella burnetii?
An intracellular pathogen
To what group of bacteria is Coxiella burnetii related?
Rickettsias
What causes Lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
What type of bacteria is Borrelia burgdorferi?
Spirochete
What shape is the chromosome of Borrelia burgdorferi?
Linear
Where was Lyme disease first identified?
Old Lyme, Connecticut
Is Borrelia burgdorferi gram-positive or gram-negative?
Gram-negative
Can Borrelia burgdorferi grow in culture?
No
What is the reservoir for Borrelia burgdorferi?
Deer
What is the vector that transmits Borrelia burgdorferi to humans?
Tick
What classic symptom is associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection?
Bull's eye rash
What is a common treatment for Lyme disease in its early stages?
Antibiotics
What transmits yellow fever?
Mosquito bites
What is the vector for yellow fever?
Mosquitoes
How is dengue fever transmitted?
By mosquito bites
What is the most common vectorborne disease in humans?
Dengue fever
What disease can be transmitted from mother to fetus and cause severe neurological problems in the developing embryo, such as microcephaly?
Zika disease.
What is the result of Zika infection in a developing embryo?
It can cause microcephaly, or a pathological small head.
What is the primary method of transmission for West Nile virus?
Mosquito bites.
What animals serve as reservoirs for the West Nile virus?
Horses and birds.
Are humans considered a dead-end host for the West Nile virus?
Yes, humans are a dead-end host, meaning the virus does not spread further from humans.
Is West Nile endemic in both birds and mosquitoes across the United States?
Yes, West Nile is now endemic in both birds and mosquitoes across the United States.
What are fleas in relation to the spread of plague?
Fleas are intermediate hosts and vectors that spread plague between mammalian hosts.
What is Yersinia pestis?
Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative rod that causes plague, also known as the Black Death, through exotoxins that lead to tissue death.
What role do fleas play in the spread of Yersinia pestis?
Fleas act as intermediate hosts and vectors, carrying the bacteria and allowing it to grow within them.
They then spread the pathogen from host to host.
What produces dark splotches on the skin and eventual tissue necrosis, giving plague its historical name, the "Black Death"?
Local hemorrhages.
What is it called when an organism is growing all throughout the body, spreading from the blood?
Sepsis.
What is the relationship between humans and the plague?
Humans are accidental hosts.
Who first isolated the causative agent of anthrax?
Robert Koch
What type of bacterium causes anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
What shape are Bacillus anthracis bacteria?
Gram-positive rods
What type of environment does Bacillus anthracis thrive in?
Aerobic
What feature of Bacillus anthracis allows it to survive?
Endospores
What does a gram stain reveal about Bacillus anthracis?
The bacteria appear clear
What is the result of a spore stain for Bacillus anthracis?
Bacteria appear red, spores appear green
What is Bacillus anthracis primarily associated with?
Farm animals.
How do endospores enhance the ability to disseminate Bacillus anthracis?
Endospores allow Bacillus anthracis to spread more effectively.
Can Bacillus anthracis be treated with antibiotics?
Yes, if done early.
What is the characteristic of cutaneous anthrax?
It involves a break in the skin.
Where do the endospores of Bacillus anthracis come from in cutaneous anthrax?
They come from the soil.
What can the soil contain that may contribute to Bacillus anthracis contamination?
Soil may contain dead animals.
How does contaminated pasture land contribute to Bacillus anthracis spread?
It increases the number of spores in the soil.
What happens when a cut is exposed to spores of Bacillus anthracis?
The spores germinate into vegetative cells and produce exotoxins, causing tissue damage.
Can endospores of Bacillus anthracis be in powder form?
Yes, they can.
What is the capsule of Bacillus anthracis made of?
Protein
What causes tetanus?
Tetanus is caused by an exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani.