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the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
cerebellum
maintenance of balance and control of eye movement
vestibulocerebellum
muscle tone regulation and coordination of skilled voluntary movements
spinocerebellum
planning and initiation of voluntary activity/memory storage
cerebrocerebellum
connects the brain and the spinal cord
brain stem
what is the brain stem made of
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
where is the origin of cranial nerves
brain stem
what are the control centers in the brain stem?
cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and micturation
brain stem has regulation of muscle reflexes and eye movements (true or false)
true
Part of brain stem involved in arousal and attention, sleep and wakefulness, and control of reflexes.
reticular activating system
brain stem plays a role in what cycle
sleep-wake
a nerve tract running through the length of the medulla and receives sensory information via the vagus (X) and glossopharyngeal nerves (IX), and relays information to the hypothalamus
nuclear tractus solitaris (NTS)
hypothalamus is the headquarters of what sysem
autonomic nervous system
brainstem nuclei receive information via the vagus (X) and glossopharyngeal nerves (IX) and integrates information with commands from higher autonomic control center in limbic system and hypothalamus, participate in control of blood pressure, respiration, sleep, and pain
reticular activating system (RAS)
what are the stages of consciousness
maximal alertness, wakefulness, sleep, coma
EEG wave patterns:
alpha waves
8-12 hz
EEG wave patterns:
beta waves
>13 Hz
EEG wave patterns:
theta waves
3-7 Hz
EEG wave patterns:
Delta waves
0.5-2 Hz
alpha waves happen when the individual is __________ with eyes ________
awake, closed
beta waves occur when the individual is awake and ________
alert
theta waves occur when the individual is ___________
sleeping
delta waves occur in __________ and when they are in ____________
infants, deep sleep
brain activity is as active when in REM as when awake periodically (true or false)
true
non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized EEG activity during its deeper stages
- four stages (1-4) and back (4-1) for a total of 30-45 minutes
total sleep of 5 cycles
slow-wave sleep (NREM)
how many stages are in NREM sleep
four
one cycle in NREM lasts
30-45 min
how many total sleep cycles are in NREM sleep
5
80% of sleeping time is in REM (true or false)
false (in NREM)
you don't change body positions in NREM sleep (true or false)
false (you do)
paradoxical sleep is also known as what sleep
REM
what percentage of sleeping time is in REM sleep
20%
dreams occur in REM sleep and muscles are inhibited (true or false)
true
heart rate and breathing rate increases or decreases during REM sleep?
increases
sexual arousal during REM may occur (true or false)
true
growth, learning, and memory consolidation occur during REM (True or false)
true
what regulatory system stimulates RAS
arousal system
arousal system has neurons in the ____________
hypothalamus
what regulatory system inhibits the arousal system
slow-wave sleep system
slow-wave sleep system has neurons where
hypothalamus
what system switches to paradoxical sleep?
paradoxical sleep center
for paradoxical sleep center, neurons are found where
medulla
what type of memory is explained:
seconds to hours; transient modification in synapses
short-term
what type of memory is explained:
days to years (relatively permanent modification in synapses)
long-term memory
what type of memory is explained:
fixing short-term memories into long-term memory stores
consolidation
what are the categories of memory?
episodic, semantic, procedural, and working
memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred
episodic memories
Memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions
words/phrases
semantic memories
memories for the performance of actions or skills ("knowing how")
procedural memories
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
working memories
lack of memory
amnesia
inability to recall a recent past event (typically trauma)
retrograde amnesia
inability to store memory for later use (temporal lobe lesion)
anterograde amnesia
memory traces are found in what five places
temporal lobes, prefrontal cortex, cerebral cortex, limbic system, and cerebellum
stores long-term memories for a short time and transfers to other cortical sites
hippocampus
other cortical sites are able to store memory for a long time (true or false)
true
regulates complex reasoning skills associated with working memory
prefrontal cortex
essential in procedural memories involving motor skills
cerebellum
the "information superhighway" connects the hemispheres
corpus callosum
which hemisphere dominants the following
right nostril olfaction, right eye vision, right ear hearing, right hand activity, verbal memory, rational verbal thought, superior language ability and more intellectual ability
left hemisphere
which hemisphere dominants the following
left nostril olfaction, left eye vision, left ear hearing, left hand activity, shape memory, intuitive non-verbal thought, superior recognition ability, more artistic ability
right hemisphere
left hemisphere is more artistic ability vs intellectual ability (true of false)
false (left is more intellectual)
how many spinal nerves are there
31 pairs
how many cranial nerves are there
12 pairs
nervous system divides into what
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
what consists of the CNS
brain and spinal cord
what is peripheral nervous system divided into
somatic and autonomic nervous system
what is found in somatic NS
skeletal muscles
what is found in ANS
heart, smooth muscles, and glands
autonomic nervous system is divided into
sympathetic and parasympathetic
neuronal link between the brain and peripheral nervous system, integrates basic reflexes
spinal cord
cell bodies of somatic nervous system are found where
spinal cord
how many neurons are found in somatic nervous ssytem
one
effector organ for somatic nervous system
skeletal muscle
neurotransmitter for somatic nervous system
acetylcholine
effect on structure for somatic nervous system
excitation
somatic nervous system is subject to voluntary control (true or false)
true
A relatively direct connection between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron that allows an extremely rapid response to a stimulus, often without conscious brain involvement.
reflex arc
what is part of the reflex arc
receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector
what are the two types of spinal reflexes?
simple and aquired
what type of spinal reflex is described:
built in
ex: closing eyes when hand goes near, salivating when seeing food
simple
what type of spinal reflex is described:
practiced and learned like driving a car (conditioned)
acquired
what are the eight categories in which reflexes can be classified?
innate, acquired, romantic, verceral, spinal, cranial, polysynaptic, and monosynaptic
what reflex is described:
built-in
innate
what reflex is described:
ex: driving car without thinking; moving pen to write
acquired
what reflex is described:
skeletal muscles
somatic
what reflex is described:
internal organs, swallowing, sexual intercourse
visceral
what reflex is described:
ex: blinking eyes, reading
cranial
what reflex is described:
many synapses
polysynaptic
decrease in blood pressure ____________ heart rate, ____________ stroke volume
decreases, decreases
to raise heart rate, stimulate/mimic ______________ nervous system or inhibit ____________ nervous system
sympathetic, parasympathetic
autonomic nervous system has how many neuron chains
two
ANS has preganglionic and postgaglionic fibers (true or false)
true
sympathetic nervous system originates in what regions
thoracic and lumbar
parasympathetic nervous system originates in what regions
cranial and sacral
autonomic nervous system innervates what three major structures
heart, smooth muscles, glands
what are the autonomic nervous system neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine
nicotinic receptor has what type of signal transduction
ligand operated channel
muscarinic receptor has what type of signal transdcution
G protein inhibitory pathway
adrenergic has what type of signal transduction
g protein stimulatory pathway
