Biology Honors Final

__________ is the development of new types of organisms from pre-existing organisms over time

Evolution

Evolution is a process of biological _________ by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors.

change

Evolution is a ________ __________ in characteristics within a population from one generation to the next.

heritable change

Charles Darwin studied evolution in the _____________.

Galapagos

_________ argued that all species descended from only one or few original species.

Darwin

A _________ is a group of organisms with similar anatomy that can produce offspring together.

species

A ___________ is a group of individuals belonging to one species and living in a specific area

population

Darwin believed that every species must have originated from ___________.

reproduction

Darwin was the first to represent evolution in a ______ of life.

tree

Darwin called evolution "descent with __________" and unlike other who had thought of ideas similar to this, he proposed a scientific mechanism for his work called _______ _________.

modification, natural selection

__________ is when more offspring is produced than can survive to reproduce

overproduction

Genetic __________ is when individuals have different traits within a population.

variation

Some variation can be ________, but new traits arise via __________.

inherited, mutations

Darwin could explain genetic variability. (true/false)

false

2 multiple choice options

The idea of Struggling to __________, or Survival of the fittest, means that organisms compete for food, space, escaping predators, and finding mates and shelter.

Survive

________ is the measure of an individual's hereditary contribution to the next generation.

fitness

A fit individual also has ______ that lives long enough to __________ in a given enviornment.

offspring, reproduce

An _______ is an inherited trait that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in an enviornment

adaptation.

An adaptation has to increase the fitness of an organism (true/false)

true

2 multiple choice options

All traits are adaptations (true/false)

false

2 multiple choice options

Adaptations can become outdated (true/false)

true

2 multiple choice options

There are behavioral adaptations, ______ adaptations, and bio chemichal and physiological adaptations.

structural

Natural selection acts on __________ not on genetics.

phenotypes

A trait already in a population becomes favorable based on a change in the ___________.

enviornment

Natural selection can amplify or diminish ONLY heritable traits, acquired characteristics cannot be passed on. (true/false)

true

2 multiple choice options

New alleles are not made by natural selection, only by _________.

mutations

Evolution IS goal directed and does lead to perfection. (true/false)

false

2 multiple choice options

A ____ is a sequence of DNA that directs the synthesis of a specific protein

gene

The sequence of __________ in DNA provides a code for constructing a protein.

nucleotides

The presence and action of proteins determines the ________ of a organism

phenotype

rRNA is ___________ RNA.

ribosomal

tRNA is ________ RNA.

transfer

mRNA is __________ RNA.

messenger

In the first stage of protein synthesis, DNA is __________ into mRNA.

transcribed

In the second stage of protein synthesis, RNA is ____________ into protein.

translated

In ____________, two DNA strands separate, one strand is used as a pattern to produce an RNA chain, using specific _________ pairing.

transcription, base

For an A in DNA, ___ is placed in RNA.

U

RNA __________ catalyzes the reaction, making a polymer of RNA.

polymerase

In _____________, RNA polymerase binds to a promoter, where the helix unwinds and transcription starts.

initiation

In _____________, RNA nucleotides are added to the chain.

elongation

In ____________, RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and detaches from the template.

termination

The central dogma of molecular biology tells us that DNA--->_______---->protein

RNA

During transcription, ______ is made.

mRNA

DNA to mRNA is __________.

transcription

mRNA is ___________ to one of the DNA strands.

complementary

A _________ on mRNA specifies an amino acid (complementary to triplet)

codon

A ______ is 3 nucleotides of DNA which specify one amino acid.

triplet

There are ____ codons, some amino acids have multiple possible codons.

64

Translation occurs on the _____ of the ribosome.

surface

Ribosomes have two subunits, __________ and __________.

small, large

Each ribosomal subunit is composed of rRNAs and ____________.

proteins

Ribosomal units come together during ___________.

translation

________ have binding sites for mRNA and tRNAs.

ribosomes

Transfer RNA molecules match an __________ ______to its corresponding mRNA codon.

amino acid

An amino acid attachment site allows each _______ to carry a specific amino acid.

tRNA

An __________ allows the tRNA to bind to a specific mRNA codon, complementary in sequence.

anticodon

A mutation is a ________ in the nucleotide sequence in DNA.

change

Transcribe this DNA sequence into mRNA: TAC TTT CCG CGG ACT

AUG AAA GGC GCC UGA

Translation occurs __________ transcription

after

Transcription occurs ________ translation

before

Transcribe this DNA sequence into mRNA: TAC AAA CAT CTG ATC

AUG UUU GUA GAC UAG

Transcribe this DNA sequence into mRNA: TAC CAT AAT ATG ATT

AUG GUA UUA UAC UAA

We can inherit ______________ from past generations.

mutations

A ________ mutation is due to errors in DNA replication or recombination.

spontaneous

A mutation can be ____________ by mutagens such as radiation, chemicals, UV rays, etc.

induced

Mutations are _________ events and we cannot will them to happen.

random

Mutations can be neutral, harmful, or __________.

beneficial

A ______ mutation or base substitution is when one nucleotide is replaced with another.

point

A ____________ mutation (a.k.a deletion or insertion) alters the reading frame of mRNA so that nucleotides are grouped into different codons. (ex: extra or missing a base)

frameshift

Some mutations can cause a premature _______ during translation.

stop

A ____________ mutation occurs during mitosis during crossing over.

chromosomal

A _______ is the loss of a chromosome segment.

deletion

A ________ is a the repeat of a chromosome segment.

duplication

An _________ is the reversal of a chromosome segment.

inversion

A _____________ is the attachment if a segment to a non-homologous chromosome (can be reciprocal).

translocation

Plants are multicellular and ____________ which means they create their own food.

autotrophic

Plants can be either __________ or ____________.

nonvascular vascular

Seeds are a plant _________ and its food supply.

embryo

A __________ is a type of plant with no flowers or fruit to enclose it.

gymnosperm

An _________ is a seed producing vascular plant.

angiosperm

A ________ is an organ for sexual reproduction in angiosperms.

flower

The ________ (aka carpal) is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary.

pistil

The _______ is a made up of a thin stalk called the ________ and the anther which produces haploid male gametes

stamen, filament

The ______ of a flower have color or odor used to attract insects for cross pollination

petals

_______ is the transfer of pollen to the part of the seed plant with the ovule

pollination

Sperm and egg unite to form a diploid ________.

zygote

Mendel used ________ plants for his experiments.

pea

Mendel's Law of _______ explains that in a cross of pure parents with different traits the dominant form of the trait will appear

Dominance

An __________ is an alternate version of a gene

allele

A listing of the alleles an individual organism has at a particular gene location is a ___________. (ex: Ff)

genotype

The physical expression of a genotype is the ___________. (ex: purple flowers)

phenotype

In __________ inheritance, one allele is completely dominant and one allele is completely recessive.

Mendelian

In Mendelian Inheritance, A heterozygous genotype will express the __________ trait.

dominant

In Mendelian Inheritance, for each characteristic an organism inherits 2 alleles, one from each _________.

parent

The Law of ________ states that allele pairs separate from each other during the production of gametes, so a sperm or egg only carries one allele for each gene.

Segregation

A ___________ _________ plant will only produce gametes with a capital T.

homozygous dominant

A ____________ ____________ plant will only produces gametes with a lowercase t.

homozygous recessive

A _______________ plant will produce gametes with both a uppercase (T) and lowercase t.

heterozygous

In a monohybrid cross, each box represents a ___% chance of the trait in the offspring.

25

A ________ cross is a cross that involves two different traits.

dihybrid