HUSH Civil Rights Movement

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation w/ “Separate but Equal

Brown v. Board of Education

Overturned PLessy v. Ferguson & declared separate public education unconstitutional

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Worked with Presidents Kennedy & Johnson → influential with policy direction

Civil Disobedience

Intentionally breaking the law to attract attention and hopefully bring it to court to make a change

• Often met with police resistance & sometimes federal enforcement

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Boycott of busses → supreme court ruled bus segregation unconstitutional

Little Rock 9

President Eisenhower sent air force to desegregate Arkansas Central High School

Sit-ins

Minimal federal intervention but helped to sprak support for civil rights movement

Freedom Riders

Robert F. Kennedy (attorney general) sent federal marshals to protect the freedom riders

• Interstate Commerce Commission (JFK urged) issued desegregation orders for bus terminals

Freedom Summer

Voter registration drive in Mississippi → faced extreme violence

• FBI investigated murders but slow to act

Birmingham Campaign

Peaceful protests displaying images of police brutality bringing national attention

• Pushed Kennedy to propose civil rights bill

March on Washington

Massive civil rights demonstration in washington where MLK held “I have a dream speech”

• Cautiously supported by Kennedy

Selma to Montgomery Marches

Aka. Bloody Sunday → televised police violence & outraged the nation

• Johnson sent federal troops & addressed Congress to push the Voting Rights Act

Civil Rights Act of 1964

President Johnson passed

• Outlawed segregation & discrimination in public places, employment, & education

• Enforced by Justice Department of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

Voting Rights Act of 1965

President Johnson

• Eliminated literacy tests & allowed federal oversight in discriminatory states

• Enforced by Department of Justice & federal registrars

24th Amendment 1964

Abolished poll taxes in federal elections

NAACP

• Used Legal strategy & won cases like Brown v. Board

• Worked closely with courts & federal gov.

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

• Organized Freedom Rides & Freedom Summer

• Pressured federal gov to act on civil rights violations

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

Youth-led group that started w/ nonviolence but later embraced militancy

• Often at odds w/ federal officials (esp during protests

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

• Led by MLK * coordinated many key protests w/ federal attention

• Worked w/ Johnson administration on Civil Rights laws

Black Panthers

• Fred Hampton = leader

• Advocated self-defense, community programs

Stokely Carmichael

Former SNCC leader who coined “Black Power”

• Critical of nonviolence & white involvement

Nation of Islam/Malcolm X

• Advocated Black nationalism & separation