Lab Anatomy Midterm

Neutrophil

Multi-lobed, pale granules

Elevated during bacterial infections

Phagocytize bacteria

Lymphocyte

Large round nucleus, thin rim of cytoplasm

Immune response (B & T cells)

Viral infections

Monocyte

Largest WBC, kidney/U-shaped nucleus

Become macrophages

Chronic infections, inflammation

Eosinophil

Bilobed nucleus, large red/orange granules

Attack parasites; allergies

Parasites & allergies

Basophil

Dark blue/purple granules cover nucleus

Release histamine & heparin

Allergic reactions

WBC Interpretation

Neutrophils

Bacterial infection

Lymphocytes

Viral infection

Eosinophils

Parasites or allergies

Monocytes

Chronic infection/inflammation

Basophils

Allergic response

Blood type identification

Anti-A	Anti-B	Anti-Rh	Blood Type

+

-

-

A−

+

-

+

A+

-

+

-

B−

-

+

+

B+

+

+

-

AB−

+

+

+

AB+

-

-

-

O−

-

-

+

O+

Blood Type Antigens & Antibodies

Blood Type	RBC Antigens	Plasma Antibodies
A	A	Anti-B
B	B	Anti-A
AB	A & B	None
O	None	Anti-A & Anti-B

Rh+

• Has Rh antigen

Rh-

• No Rh antigen

Blood Transfusion Compatibility

Who Can Receive From Whom?

Recipient	Can Receive
O−	O− only
O+	O+, O−
A−	A−, O−
A+	A+, A−, O+, O−
B−	B−, O−
B+	B+, B−, O+, O−
AB−	AB−, A−, B−, O−
AB+	Everyone (Universal Recipient)

Universal Donor

O negative

Universal Recipient

AB positive

Heart anatomy

Chambers

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricles

Valves

Right AV = Tricuspid

Left AV = Mitral (Bicuspid)

Pulmonary semilunar

Aortic semilunar

Great Vessels

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary veins

Aorta

Internal Structures

Chordae tendineae

Papillary muscles

Interventricular septum

Trabeculae carneae

Coronary arteries

Coronary sinus

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Cardiovascular Physiology Calculations

Pulse Pressure (PP)

Formula

PP = Systolic − Diastolic

Example

120/80

120 − 80

PP = 40 mmHg

Normal

≈40 mmHg

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Formula

MAP = Diastolic + 1/3(Pulse Pressure)

Example

120/80

Pulse Pressure = 40

MAP = 80 + 13.3

MAP = 93 mmHg

Normal MAP

70–100 mmHg

Need at least 60 mmHg for adequate organ perfusion.

ECG/EKG Identification

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P Wave

Represents:

Atrial depolarization

Atria contract.

QRS Complex

Represents:

Ventricular depolarization

Ventricles contract.

(Atrial repolarization is hidden.)

T Wave

Represents:

Ventricular repolarization

Ventricles relax.

Easy sequence

P = Atria squeeze

QRS = Ventricles squeeze

T = Ventricles relax

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ECG Interpretation

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Tachycardia

Heart rate

>100 bpm

Characteristics

More QRS complexes

Shorter intervals

Heart beats faster.

Bradycardia

Heart rate

<60 bpm

Characteristics

Fewer QRS complexes

Longer intervals

Heart beats slower.

Blood Vessel Identification

Arteries

Aorta

Pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary arteries

Coronary arteries

Common carotid

Subclavian

Brachial

Radial

Ulnar

Renal

Common iliac

Femoral

Popliteal

Anterior tibial

Posterior tibial

Dorsalis pedis

Veins

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Pulmonary veins

Jugular

Subclavian

Brachiocephalic

Axillary

Cephalic

Basilic

Median cubital

Renal

Hepatic portal vein

Common iliac

Femoral

Great saphenous

Small saphenous

Popliteal

Anterior tibial

Posterior tibial

Lymphatic System

Functions

Returns excess tissue fluid to blood

Absorbs dietary fats

Immune defense

Filters pathogens

Produces lymphocytes

Flow of Lymph Through a Lymph Node

Afferent lymphatic vessels
↓

Subcapsular sinus
↓

Trabecular sinuses
↓

Medullary sinuses
↓

Efferent lymphatic vessel

Remember:

Afferent = Arrives

Efferent = Exits