all units apush

Aztecs

-Central mexico

-capital was tenochtitlan

-had a written language and participated in human sacrifice

-farmed maize, maize cultivation spread north

Maya

-Central america

-Built canals and water systems to deal with inconsistent water supply

-farmed maize, maize cultivation spread north

Incas

-South America

-Grew potatoes

-farmed maize, maize cultivation spread north

Pueblo

north america

-Lived in cliffs

Sedentary population (didn't move around)

Washington area native tribes

more fishing and sea focused

Mississippi valley area

Cahokia natives were in this area, they had a large trade network

Iroquois

matriarchal society, cultivated corn bean and squash which helped create a agricultural system that replenishes soil

Portugal exploration

Prince Henry the navigator wanted to go aorund africa, established a trading post empire using maritime tech like caravels (triangle shaped sails) and astrolabes (navigation)

Spanish exploration of america

Wanted to spread christianity, Columbus got a sponsorship from isabella and fedinand, cortez conquered tenochtitlan (aztecs)

Diseases from columbian exchange

smallpox killed aztecs and other indian tribes

Columbain exchange food from america to europe

-Corn

-tomatoes

-potatoes

-tobacco

-gold and silver which made spain really wealthy

columbian exchange food from europe and africa to america

-rice

-wheat

-oats

-oranges

-grain crops (became a staple food diet and provided carbs=energy for more productivity)

-animals for labor (horses,pigs,cattle)

result of increased wealth from americans on europe

Reduction on feudalism (since wealth was more spread around instead of concentrated)

start of capitalism

Native americans initial migration (during Columbian era)

Some were sent to europe and were enslaved (very minimal though)

Spanish exploration vs other european exploration

spanish exploration was state sponsored and other countries were private through joint stock

Slavery pre vs post columbus

Before, slavery was still prevalent in africa with war prisoners but they still had legal rights and it wasn't permanent and slave status wasn't inherited by generations

encomienda system

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to demand labor of native americans in exchange for protecting them under christianity

casta system

high status to low

penninsulares

creoles

mestizoes

mulattoes

africans

native americans

Native american vs spanish lives

native americans practiced animistic religion which was spiratual. They viewed land as sacred and had kinships of 70 people

spanish practices catholism, viewed land as a commodity, and had nuclear family

spanish and native american integration

Native americans used european metal tools and guns for hunting

Spanish engaged in native american fur trade (so they would marry indian women for access to the trade)

Pueblo revolt

1680 - Pueblo people adapted to spanish crhistian conversions by incorporating christ into their many gods. Christans forced converted them and pueblo people either converted, refused, or secretly practiced their own religion while converting.

Pueblo people led a revolt claled pueblo revolt where they initially succeeded but then afterwards, spanish reoccupied pueblo land

Bartalome de cases

argued that forced conversions to natives would be a sin for christians and africans should convert instead. He advocated for natural rights of native americans

first time period

1607-1754

French in quebec

Quebec, was more interested in trade over actually conquering people (like the spanish)

Wanted access to fur and beaver trade so many men married indian women for access to this trade

Established trading ports (everywhere) more than the amount of territories france colonized (FACT CHECK)

Indians helped french gain access to beaver/fur in exchange for access to farming tools and manufactured cloth

Dutch colonies

established new amsterdam near new york. Established trading hup that attracts farmers and fishermen. Focused more on making money instead of converting people to christianity

English colonies

Motives for exploration: Nobles were facing limited wealth with the continous war expense from war with france. Peasants also wanted new forms of wealth since enclosure act privatized public land, giving them less farming land access.

Initially settled on east coast and coexisted with natives until they began to push them out. Different from spanish because spanish enslaved while english pushed people out

Jamestown

First colony, joint stock company funded this colony voyage.

Started for profits, intial focus on gold and silving mining until there was food shortagE (which caused cannabalism). Eventually discovered tobacco and used indentured servants to start farming tobacco (1610). Indentured servants would get freedom if they work for 7 years

The new farming of tobacco caused a large demand for land which meant expanding westward

Bacons rebellion

Native americans kept raiding farms because they stole indian territory. Colonists turned to Governor berkely for assistance but he did nothing. Baker gathered indentured servants and farmers to attack Berkley's plantation

Violence subdued but land owners started to fear the large number of indentured servants because of potential uprisings so they relied more on african american labor.

New england colonies

Pilgrims came for religios freedom and farm land.

Pilgirms initially went to holland (in europe) before coming to america, meaning that they already had relative religious freedom before.

British came in families instead of individuals like in Jamestown since poeple came to new england for a new life, not just for profit

Focused on farming and agriculture

British west indies

Focused on tobacco and heavily on sugar canes which was more labor intensive which caused a high demand for african american labor

Slave codes declared slaves as property or chattel, creating chattel slavery

Middle colonies

New york and new jersey region which had a lot of streams, making it an export economy. This had a strong social hierarchy with wealthy merchants at top, then artisans and shopkeepers, then women, then slaves

Pennslyvania was founded by william penn who was a quaker that believed in religious freedom. They negotiated with native americans insteaed of expelling them from land.

British colonies were democractic

They could govern the way they want since britina was far away

Virginia - house of burgessess where a represenative body would decide which taxes to levy

new england - mayflower compact which was basis of town meetings in the colony

Intercontinental trades during columbian era

rum from north america goes to africa for slaves which gets sent to latin america for sugarcane which gets traded for rum in north america

Columbian era consumer culture

increased because there was an increase in gold supply circulating meaning that the wealthy had more money to spend

English interaction with natives

they didn't remarry becauses they largely moved in as families

Metacom's War

King Phillip of the wapanoag tribes didn't like how the english were taking over so they allied with other tribes to revolt against the english (around 1675)

British called on mohawk indians to squash this rebellion (Indians wanted to play european powers off one another)

Stono rebellion

In carolinas, slaves broke into store that sold arms and led a armed rebellion of slaves

during columbian era

Eventually got squashed but showed that slavery was unjustifiable and slaves didn't see this as an opportunity

John lock on america columbian era

emphasized natural rights which made colonists more aware of mistreatments from british like impressment

first great awakening

Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached "sinners in the hands of the angry gods"

Second time period

1754-1800

French and Indian war

Part of 7 years war (1754-1763)

Fought because of territorial disputes in ohio river valley

Albany Congress

Delegates from biriths colonies discussed how british colonies could protect themselves from french and indian disputses

Iroquois confederacy represented Indians but this did nothing for this conflict

Albany plan of union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and westward expansion; the plan was turned down by the colonies bc of the amount of taxation increases this policy would require

Led the foundation for US congress

Peace of paris

Ended 7 years war

SPanish gave florida to britain

Ohio river and onward and western territory (?) was given to britain

Results of peace of paris

Americanc colonists wanted to expand westward since they were the ones who earned the land in the war

Pontiac (Native american) led raids against these colonists

English issued the proclamation of 1763 which confined colonist expansion

War efforts in general were costly, so britian raised taxes on colonies

Proclamation of 1763

Confined colonists to eastward of applachian mountains (happpened when 7 years war ended

Saltuary Neglect

How the British allowed the colonies to govern themselves.

Navigation acts weren't initially enforced. Instead of trading exlcusively with the british, there was trade smuggling with other foreign nations.

After french and indian war, british gov did this

Strict enforcement of current laws (trading exlcusively with british)

to enforce, british soldiers stayed in america and quartering act was passed which made colonists supply food and shelter to these soldiers

sugar act was passed

stamp act was passed (taxed entertainment)

Currency act (prohibited colonists from printing their own money which restricted money supply, while simultaneously demanding more money paid in taxes)

Currency act

1764, prohibited colonists from printing their own money which restricted money supply, while simultaneously demanding more money paid in taxes

John lock and voltaire influence on American Rev

Locke mphasized natural rights and voltaire challenged authority to preserve rights

Virtual representaiton

members of parliament represented all british classes, but colonists wanted another colonsit to be part of their representation

sons of liberty and daughters of liberty

Argued against british parliament

Stamp act congress

Protested laws that were unfair to colonists

parliament repealed stamp and sugar act but passed declatory act which was worse because it allowed the parliament to pass whatever acts they want

Declaratory act

Allowed parliament to pass whatever acts they want

Parliament then passed townshend act which taxed other imported goods like paper and tea, which colonists boycotted

this inspired the homespun movement, and colonists of all classes and genders rebelled against the british

Boston tea party and what happened in response

1773

Parliament imposed coercive acts which closed down the harbor until the lost tea was paid for

They then passed another set of quartering acts

These were known as the intolerable acts

Boston Tea Pary

Increased costs of tea, boston tea party happened

Boston Tea Pary

Intolerable acts

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

quartering acts, coercive acts (which closed down the harbor until the lost tea was paid for)

Montesquieu infleunce on american revolution

Argued for check and balances - created the foundation for executive, judicial, and legislative branch

Common sense

Thomas paine, explained why colonists should rebel in common language, 1776

Second continental congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence

Initial american revolutionary war flops

Not many supported war, soldiers were poorly armed and trained, people only wanted to fight from the region that they are from (if they are in NJ, they woudln't go to virginia to fight

Overall revolutionary war strategies

British offered to free any enslaved who fought for them, so washington did the same

Washington wanted to prolong the war and tire out the british

Battle of saratoga

1777, america won this so france decided to help the colonists because they reallized that it isn't a lost cause

battle of yorktown

1781, America won against briitish with french arms and british surrendered

Ending revolutinary war

Paris peace treaty ended the war on 1783, Britain acknowledged america as an independent nation with a border at mississippi river

Northern states abolished slavery when

1804 is when all northern states abolished

continental congress after revolutionary war

abolished importation of slaves

Ladies association of Philadelphia

helped take care of soldiers at war with bandages and clothing, gave women empowerment that they could make a difference

American revolution inspired others

French revolution, declaration of rights of man and citizens which limited monarch and gave rights to people

Hatian revolution, slaves successfully revolted against the french

Latin american countries overthrew foreign colonial power

Articles of confederation

Initially ratified as the governing doc of the country

Focused power on legislative branch which is represenatitve of people

Had no president or supreme court

states had veto power

Needed super majority to execute laws so nothing was getting done

Allowed for the northwest ordinance of 1787 which allowed western states to gain enough population and apply for statehood

northwest ordinance

Enacted in 1787, Allowed western territory to gain population and apply for statehood

Farmers after the revolutionary war

Farmers went into debt because there was high inflation and taxes

State and federal government didn't give loans

Farmers started arming and rebelling

Articles of confederation gave no presidential power to stop the rebellion

Shays rebellion

farmers' armed rebellion led by Daniel Shays against higher taxes in Massachusetts

Articles of confederation gave no presidential power to stop the rebellion

Constitutional convention

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution

Debates on how to give states more power

new jersey plan vs virginia plan

New jersey plan vs virginia plan

constitutional convention, jersey plan argued for equal representation for states, virginia argued for representation based on population

Great compromise - 1787 - Gave a bicameral legislature which meant 2 house legislative system since it created house of reps and senate

Great compromise

1787, Established house of reps and congress to balance virginia and jersey plan

3/5 Compromise

During initial establishment of country, enslaved population counts for 3/5 of enslaved population

Federalists and anti federalists during the consitution development

Constitution needed to be ratified by 9/13 of the states. Federalists wanted the constitution to be passed (hamiliton and madison wrote federalist papers to explain why)

Anti federalists didn't want the constitution to be passed because it gave the government too much power

Ultiamtely, the constitution was passed and the bill of rights was also passed to make sure that the federal power doesn't get abused and individuals still have natural rights

Checks and balances within the US government

federal laws trump state laws

3 branches of the government gave checks and balances

President could veto congress and congress could veto that veto with a 2/3 majority

Washington policies

Appointed secretaries to manage different departments of the government

First National Bank

1791 - Created by hamilton, consolidated each state debt into a big national debt which allowed america to borrow money from other countries and fund other countries. This also created a dependency of the states on the federal government

Some states didn't like this because it gave them more debt

Proclamation of neutrality

Washington declared the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between european affairs (great britain vs french)

Jays treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. and Britain, britian agreed to give up territory on western part of america

Pinckney Treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to trade above the 31st parallel

Battle of fallen timbers

1794 - US Army fights against Indians and US wins so Native Americans surrender their land from ohio river valley

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, the federal government was able to put down the rebellion because the federal government had actual power under the constitution

Federalists vs democratic republicans

Federalists wanted a more central federal government (more wealthy people supported) (led by hamilton)

Democratic republicans (led by Jefferson and Madison) favored rural and agricultural interest, as well as individual state rights

Washinton farewells address

argued that the US shouldn't have foreign involvement and they shouldn't split into 2 parties

XYZ affair

French kept seizing American ships so US diplomats were sent by Adams to settle this. A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats but still remained unnamed

Alien act

1798 (JA), gave president authority to deport individuals whom he considered threat to US

Sedition act

1798, (JA) , made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

caused the virginia and kentucky resolutions

Virginia and kentucky resolutions

1799-1800, in response to alien and sedition acts, states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Republican motherhood

1790-1830s ish

Expanded education for women so they can raise successful youth

Art transformed after revolutionary era

Women and black were pictured in art

John Trumball sparked nationalism by romanticizing historical events

Poor Richards Almanac

Franklin explained morality and gave advice to common people

Second bestseller to bible, published 1732 but it is highly influential

Federalists wanted what and were supported by who

A more central government, supported by wealthy and hamilton

Democratic republicans wanted what and who supported

Wanted a limited central government, had support of jefferson and yeomen farmers (family farmers)

Repealed the whiskey task and reduced federal jobs

Revolution of 1800

First peaceful transfer of powers between 2 parties, Jefferson took over

Constructionism

Jefferson followed this, it meant following the consitution exactly

Louisiana purchase

1803, under jefferson, buying land from a foreign country wasn't in the constitution