Criminology Study Guide #4

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Violent Crimes

Murder, R@pe, Aggravated Assault, Robbery

Property Crimes

Burglary, Larceny-theft, Auto-theft, Arson

Strongest predictor of criminality

Biological Sex

2nd Strongest predictor of criminality

Age

Age at which Violent Crime peaks

18

Age at which Property Crime peaks

16

13 to 18 year-olds and Crime

Already seasoned criminals, we know that although only 10% of the population is 13 to 18, 25% of arrests caused by this age range

Strongest predictors of criminality

Biological Sex (mostly males) and Age (we know this because it is the same everywhere, and I mean everywhere)

Chivalry

The medieval concept of the honor of a lady, the ensuing devotion to it. Males/Knights did this most, they had a knightly devotion to them

Chivalry Hypothesis

Justice officials might feel chivalrous toward women offenders and give them special treatment during the criminal justice process. Females are less likely to get arrested, indicted, convicted, and have lighter sentencing.

Criminogenic factors

Race and Socio-Economic Status (SES)

Three crime facts regarding African-Americans / Latinos

(1) African-Americans and Latinos are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice field. Social economic mask rates because police tend to patrol lower social economic neighborhoods, (2) Almost half of those that are arrested for murder are African-American, (3) The disproportion of representation is due to societal discrimination and racial bias within four places in the criminal justice system: Arrest, Prosecution, In the trial whether they are innocent or guilty and the judge is exercising discrimination, The sentencing hearing where they are more likely to be sentenced to incarceration

Three demographic factors in which most offenders mirror most victims

Race, Low Social economic status, Most victims & offenders are men ew (Biological Sex)

One exception (to the demographic factors)

Crime of rape

The relationship between income and crime (UCR & NIBRS)

The lower the social economic status correlates with high crime rate

The relationship between income and crime – NCVS SRS NIBRS

The relationship between class and crime is negligent at best (meaning relationship is not nearly as strong)

The weapon of choice for murder

Firearm (68% of murders are by this weapon)

Weapons used in violent crimes

Gun/Knife

Increasing technology and methods is increasing the efficiency of the Criminal Justice System

Increased efficiency in investigators leading to more suspicious persons being arrested, increased efficiency of prosecutors lead to more dangerous persons being prosecuted, increased efficiency of the jury/court getting more convictions, increased efficiency of wardens in prisons means less residerism

Increased efficiency probation and parole

??? UH OH

Trial by Ordeal

Defendants had to prove their innocence by experiencing some test that, without divine intervention, was almost impossible to pass.

Trial by Inquisition

An independent judge hears suspects and witnesses and orders searches and subpoenas for other investigations; the judge’s goal is not the prosecution of a certain alleged offender, but the finding of truth.

Adversarial Trial

Opposing teams compete in court in an attempt to determine the facts of a case